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Biology 110 > Fungi-Chapter 32 > Flashcards

Fungi-Chapter 32 Flashcards

1
Q

as many as 1.5 million species, single celled or multicellular, sexual or asexual, extract and absorb nutrients from surroundings, last shared a common ancestor with animalia 460MYA

A

Fungi

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2
Q

people who study fungi

A

mycologists

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3
Q

7 true (monophyletic) groups (phlya), 1 problematic group

A

fungal diversity

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4
Q

multicellular fungi consist of long, slender filaments, can be continuous or divided by septa, cytoplasm flows throughout hyphae (allows for rapid growth in good conditions)

A

hyphae

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5
Q

a mass of connected hyphae, grows through and digests the substrate

A

mycelium

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6
Q

cell walls are formed of polysaccharides such as __________, also found in the exoskeletons of arthropods

A

chitin

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7
Q

hyphae cells make exact copes of themselves in a process called ___________

A

mitosis

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8
Q

haploid

A

1n, only one copy of chromosome

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9
Q

diploid

A

2n, two copies of the chromosome

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10
Q

monokaryotic (1n or 2n)

A

one nucleus in one cell

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11
Q

dikaryotic (1n+1n)

A

two nuclei in one cell

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12
Q

two haploid cells can fuse together to form a dikaryotic cell in a process called __________

A

fertilization

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13
Q

the haploid nuclei may then fuse together to form a diploid nucleus in a process called ____________

A

karyogamy

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14
Q

a diploid nucleus can divide into haploid nuclei in a process called __________

A

meiosis

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15
Q

What is the normal fungal life cycle?

A

(1) haploid
(2) dikaryotic
(3) diploid

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16
Q

asexual reproduction in fungi

A

mitosis

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17
Q

majority of life fungal life cycle is spent as ___________ or ___________

A

haploid or dikaryotic

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18
Q

most common means of reproduction among fungi, cells dispersed for breeding purposes, form from sexual or asexual process, are ALWAYS haploid, can be transported by animals

A

spores

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19
Q

spores were originally ___________ and were dispersed in a fluid

A

flagellated

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20
Q

fungi obtain food by secreting digestive enzymes into their substrates, they then absorb the organic molecules produced by this _______________

A

external digestion

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21
Q

fungi live _______ their food source, can break down _________ and _____________, some can be ___________

A

in
cellulose and lignin
carnivorous

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22
Q

most closely related ancestral fungi, have flagellated spores, have chitin in their cell walls, life cycle has both haploid and diploid multicellular stages, chytrids

A

chytridiomycota

23
Q

diseases that is responsible for the worldwide decline in amphibian populations, immunocompromises their skin barrier

A

chytridiomycosis

24
Q

digest plan biomass in mammalian herbivore rumens (mammal depends on fungi for sufficient calories), spores have multiple flagella

A

neocallimastigamycota

25
Q

tiny group, form intracellular association with plan roots called arbuscular mycorrhizae, no evidence of sexual reproduction

A

glomeromycota

26
Q

very diverse, include common bread molds, lack septae, most of their life cycle is haploid

A

zygomycota

27
Q

hyphae produce specialized sporangia (releases haploid spores)

A

asexual reproduction

28
Q

hyphae produce specialized gametangia, two haploid gametangia merge to form a diploid zygosporangium, haploid spores are released

A

sexual reproduction

29
Q

include some of the most familiar fungi, mushrooms, puffballs, and jelly fungi, include plant pathogens such as rusts and smuts

A

basidiomycota

30
Q

spore germination leads to the production of haploid mycelium, mycelium may fuse results in fertilization, now dikaryotic, basidiocarps form

A

basidiomycota life cycle

31
Q

dikaryotic basidiocarp has hundreds of ____________ in each gill, club shaped sexual reproductive structure, karyogamy occurs within the basidium and meiosis follows, four haploid basidiospores result

A

basidia

32
Q

contain about 75% of the known fungi, include bread yeasts, common molds, and penicillum, cup fungi and morels/truffels

A

ascomycota

33
Q

__________ are unicellular ascomycetes

A

yeasts (produce asexually by budding)

34
Q

yeasts can ferment carbohydrates as they break down glucose into ___________ and ___________.

A

ethanol and CO2

35
Q

saccharomyces cerevisiae is the organism used to make ____________, _________, and __________.

A

beer, wine and bread

36
Q

occurs through haploid conidia formed at the end of hyphae, grow new hapolid hyphae

A

asexual reproduction in ascomycota

37
Q

the ___________ is the spore distributing structure for ascomycota

A

ascocarp (dikaryotic)

38
Q

asci undergo __________ and eight haploid ascospores result

A

karyogamy

39
Q

fungi and bacteria are principal decomposers, capable of decomposing cellulose and lignin, have different _________ which indicate relationship with another organism

A

symbiosis

40
Q

benefit at the expense of their host

A

pathogens and parasites

41
Q

benefit one partner but do not harm or benefit the other

A

commensals

42
Q

have relationship that benefit both of the partners

A

mutualists

43
Q

essential for fungus to survive

A

obligate symbiosis

44
Q

nonessential but positive

A

facultative symbiosis

45
Q

live in the intercellular spaces inside plants, protect their hosts by producing toxins, example is the Italian rye plant that battle the aphids

A

endophytic fungi (mutualistic relationship)

46
Q

are symbiotic associations between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, invaded harshest habitats, have pigments

A

lichens (mutualistic)

47
Q

mutualistic relationship between fungi and plants, different from endophytes because they live in roots, help the plant take up water and get to live within the tough roots

A

mycorrhizae

48
Q

hyphae penetrate the root cell wall, 70% of mycorrhizal species, fungal partners are glomeromycetes

A

arbuscular mycorrhizae

49
Q

hyphae surround but do not penetrate the root cells, most hosts are forest trees, fungal partners are mostly basidiomycetes

A

ectomycorrhizae

50
Q

fungi also have _____________ with animals, ruminant animals host fungi in their gut, example is the Leaf cutter ants

A

mutual smybioses

51
Q

____________ is the worlds largest organism, infect trees

A

Armillaria

52
Q

fungi can spoil food products that have been harvested and stored, some fungi secrete ________ that make food poisonous

A

toxins

53
Q

athlete’s foot, nail fungus, candida (vaginal yeast infection), and pneumonia are fungi that cause ______________

A

human diseases

Biology 110 (18 decks)

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