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Biology 110 > The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation- Chapter 42 > Flashcards

The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation- Chapter 42 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 levels of organization in a vertebrate body?

A

(1) cells
(2) tissues
(3) organs
(4) organ systems

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2
Q

Humans have ___ different types of cells

A

210

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3
Q

smallest division of life, come from other pre-existing ones

A

cells

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4
Q

groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

A

tissue

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5
Q

combinations of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit

A

organ

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6
Q

groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body

A

organ system

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7
Q

the vertebrate body contains ____ principal organ systems

A

11

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8
Q

inner tube of vertebrate body plan

A

digestive tract

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9
Q

outer tube of vertebrate body plan

A

main vertebrate body

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10
Q

inside the body are several ______ that can be indentified

A

body cavities

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11
Q

What are the 4 primary tissue types?

A

(1) Epithelial
(2) Connective
(3) Muscle
(4) Nervous

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12
Q

covers the surface of the the vertebrate body, germ layers, membranes and glands, provides protective barrier

A

epithelium

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13
Q

tightly bound together, replaced throughout life, attached to other tissues by fibrous membranes, has polarity

A

epithelial cells

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14
Q

secured side of epithelial cell

A

basal surface

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15
Q

free side of epithelial cell

A

apical cell

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16
Q

allows for diffusion, absorption, and secretion

A

one layer

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17
Q

layers creates a dense barrier to abrasion and chemicals

A

several layers

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18
Q

____ cells allow for material to diffuse through

A

flat

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19
Q

______ cells absorb into themselves and secrete moderately

A

cubed

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20
Q

_____ cells absorb, secrete, and process chemicals at the greatest rate

A

thick

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21
Q

glands form from _________ epithelia

A

invaginated

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22
Q

connected to epithelium by a duct, sweat, sebaceous and salivary glands

A

exocrine glands

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23
Q

ductless, secret hormones directly into the blood

A

endocrine glands

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24
Q

derive from embryonic mesoderm, all have abundant extracellular material, divided into speical and proper

A

connective tissue

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25
Q

What are the 3 kinds of connective tissue proper?

A

(1) loose
(2) dense
(3) adipose

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26
Q

What are the 3 kinds of special connective tissue?

A

(1) cartilage
(2) bone
(3) blood

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27
Q

extracellular material composed of protein fibers, gels, salts, fluids, fats

A

matrix

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28
Q

__________ produce the matrix

A

cells

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29
Q

cells that produce and secrete protein fibers in extracellular matrix, fibers include thick, tough collagen fibers and stretchable elastic fibers

A

fibroblasts

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30
Q

contains large amounts of a gel-like substance, strengthened by protein fibers

A

loose connective tissue

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31
Q

contains less gel and more collagen than loose connective tissue, collagen fibers may be parallel to one another (tendon/ligaments) or gon in many different directions (dermis of skin, white of eyes)

A

dense connective tissue

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32
Q

fat cells, also occur in loose connective tissue, develop in large groups in certain areas, form adipose tissue

A

adipose cells

33
Q

cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes

34
Q

contains the matrix of chondroitin, collagen and elastin fibers, flexible with great tensile strength, found in joint surfaces and other locations

A

cartilage

35
Q

bone cells, hardened with calcium salts around collagen fibers

A

osteocytes

36
Q

extracellular material is the fluid plasma red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

A

blood

37
Q

found in the walls of blood vessels and visceral organs, mono-nucleated, involuntary contraction

A

smooth muscles

38
Q

attached to bone by tendons, cells are long and multi-nucleated, voluntary and striated

A

skeletal muscles

39
Q

smaller, interconnected cells in heart only, mono-nucleated, interconnections called intercalated disks, muscle cells form from a single functioning unit

A

cardiac muscle

40
Q

contains the nucleus of the neuron

A

cell body

41
Q

highly branched extensions, conduct an electrical impulse towards the cell body

A

dendrites

42
Q

single cytoplasmic extension, conducts impulses away from the cell body

A

axon

43
Q

do not conduct electrical impulses, support and insulate neurons, eliminate foreign materials in and around neurons, form an insulating cover

A

neuroglia

44
Q

systems that communicate and integrate, detect external stimuli, coordinate the body’s responses

A

nervous, sensory and endocrine systems

45
Q

consists of two interrelated organ systems that provide the body with support and movement

A

musculoskeletal system

46
Q

for regulation and maintenance, regulate and maintain the body’s chemistry

A

digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and urinary systems

47
Q

defense systems

A

integumentary and immune

48
Q

dynamic constancy of the internal environment

A

homeostasis

49
Q

Explain a negative feedback mechanism:

A

(1) change in condition, stimulus detected
(2) sensors detect
(3) information is fed into integrating center, compares to set point
(4) message sent to effector, initiates response
(5) response brings conditions back to set point
(6) once at set point, sensor no longer detects change

50
Q

negative feedback loops often __________ each other to produce finer degree of control

A

oppose

51
Q

increasing activity of one effector is accompanied by decrease in the other

A

antagonistic effectors

52
Q

mechanism that does not lead to homeostasis, often a cumulative response not conducive to balancing a system, part of larger mechanism, includes blood clotting and contraction of uterus during childbirth

A

positive feedback

53
Q

chemical reactions are incredibly dependent on ___________

A

temperature

54
Q

what determines body temperature?

A

internal factors such as metabolism and external factors that affect heat transfer, behavior

55
Q

heat produced + heat transferred =

A

body heat

56
Q

heat transfer by electromagnetic radiation

A

radiation

57
Q

heat transfer directly between two objects

A

conduction

58
Q

heat transfer by the movement of gas or liquid

A

convection

59
Q

heat transfer by conversion of water to gas

A

evaporation

60
Q

use of energy to produce heat, can alter metabolism, shivering generates heat

A

thermogenesis

61
Q

thermoregulation in vertebrates is controlled by the ______________

A

hypothalamus

62
Q

use metabolism to generate body heat and maintain temperature above ambient temperature

A

endotherms

63
Q

do not use metabolism to produce heat and have body temperature that conforms to ambient temperature

A

ectotherms

64
Q

fall between ectotherms and endotherms

A

heterotherms

65
Q

produce no heat and have low MBR, advantage is low energy intake, not capable of of sustained high energy activity, includes most fish, amphibians and modern reptiles

A

ectotherms

66
Q

must regulate body temperature using behavior, shivering reflex to warm thoracic muscles, reptiles place themselves in varying locations of sunlight and shade

A

ectotherms

67
Q

produce heat, high metabolic rate, allows sustained high energy activity, requires constants and high energy intake includes mammals, birds, some sharks

A

endotherms

68
Q

can increase metabolism to raise temp if necessary, often need insulation to prevent wasting internal heat, evaporative cooling occurs in sweating and panting, vasoconstriction limits blood flow to surface, vasodilation increases blood flow

A

endotherms

69
Q

How do endotherms increase body temperature?

A

detected by neurons, stimulate the heat-losing center in the hypothalamus, dilation of blood vessels and production of sweat

70
Q

How do endotherms decrease body temperature?

A

detected by neurons, stimulate heat promoting center by hypothalamus, constrict blood vessels to reduce sweating

71
Q

cause a rise in temperature, act on the hypothalamus to increase the normal set point to a higher temperature, produce fever (normal response to infection)

A

pyrogens

72
Q

state of dormancy, reduced MBR and temperature, reduce the need for food intake

A

torpor

73
Q

extreme state of torpor that lasts for weeks or months

A

hibernation

74
Q

have much higher metabolism to keep warm, lose more heat due to large surface area, must be well insulated in cold environments

A

small animals

75
Q

have lower metabolic rate, retain heat better due to high volume, usually have little insulation but can overheat

A

large animals

76
Q

often do not need specialized breathing structures, exchange gas through skin due to large surface area

A

small animals

77
Q

have lungs, gills, structures add surface area to allow for absorption of gas

A

large animals

78
Q

less volumes = less mass, can have narrow limbs to support body

A

small animals

79
Q

more volume = more mass, limbs and neck thicker

A

large animals

Biology 110 (18 decks)

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