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Biology 110 > Immune System-Chapter 51 > Flashcards

Immune System-Chapter 51 Flashcards

1
Q

recognition of invading pathogens, rapid response, uses soluble antimicrobial proteins

A

innate immunity

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2
Q

characterized by genetic rearrangements that generate a diverse set of molecules to recognize any invader, slower response but highly specific

A

adaptive immunity

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3
Q

What are 4 potential routes of infection?

A

(1) skin
(2) digestive
(3) respiratory
(4) urogenital

all lined by epithelial cells

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4
Q

largest organ in the body, composed of 2 layers

A

skin

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5
Q

5 layers, 10 to 30 cells thick, contains keratin and lysozymes, oil and sweat glands give skin a pH of 3-5

A

epidermis

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6
Q

makes skin tough and water resistant, found in the epidermis

A

keratin

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7
Q

break down bacterial cell walls, seen in epidermis

A

lysozymes

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8
Q

contains 2 layers of connective tissue and is 15-40 times thicker than epidermis, provides structural support for epidermis and matrix for blood vessels, muscles, and nerve endings

A

dermis

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9
Q

contains mainly adipose (fat) cells, acts as shock absorbers and insulators

A

subcutaneous layer

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10
Q

line the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, epithelial tissue that secrete mucus which traps microbes

A

mucous membranes

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11
Q

What are other defenses of mucosal surfaces?

A
  • salivary lysozyme, acidic stomach
  • ciliary action to move mucus
  • acidic urine
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12
Q

innate immunity is the recognition of chemical pattern characteristics of _________

A

invaders

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13
Q

found within or on the cell surface of pathogens

A

TRL (troll like receptors)

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14
Q

given off by pathogens and are found in the fluids they are in

A

MBL (mannose binding lectins)

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15
Q

white blood cells, directly involved in innate immunity, macrophages, neutrophils, and NK lymphocytes

A

leukocytes

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16
Q

the most abundant circulating leukocyte, first to appear at site of damage/infection, kill microbes by phagocytosis

A

neutrophils

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17
Q

large, irregularly shaped cells, enter tissues from the blood and can remain in CT indefinitely, kill microbes by phagocytosis

A

macrophages

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18
Q

destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells, inject chemicals that result in the cell performing programmed cell death or apoptosis, macrophages eat the remains

A

Natural killer (NK) lymphocyte

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19
Q

What is the first step in an inflammatory response?

A

injured cells release chemical alarms such as histamine and prostaglandins, cause nearby blood vessels to dilate and increase permeability, signs include redness, warmth and swelling

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20
Q

What is the second step on an inflammatory response?

A

leukocyte and fibroblasts accumulate, inflammation is reduced as tissues begin to heal

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21
Q

primary chemical to induce a widespread immune response

A

histamine

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22
Q

cell that is primarily responsible for the production of histamine, kind of leokocyte

A

mast cell

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23
Q

30 different proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form, become inactivated when TRLs or MBLs are detected

A

compliment system

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24
Q

proteins aggregate to form a _____________ on the surface of a pathogen or make a pore

A

membrane attack complex (MAC)

25
Q

Describe the study of Jenner regarding cowpox and smallpox

A

Jenner noticed that people who had cowpox (mild) rarely experienced small pox (severe), Jenner inoculated individuals with fluid from cowpox vesicles to protect them from smallpox, discovered vaccination

26
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the adaptive immunity response?

A

(1) specificity
(2) diversity
(3) memory
(4) ability to distinguish self from non-self

27
Q

a molecule that provokes a specific immune response, proteins/glycoproteins found on surface, can stimulate a distinct immune response

A

antigens

28
Q

when B or T lymphocyte binds to a specific antigen for the first time, it activates __________

A

clonal selection

29
Q

during clonal selection, clones are produced, some respond immediately, others are _________

A

memory cells

30
Q

mature in bone marrow, respond to antigens by secreting immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies, humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes

31
Q

naive B cells in secondary lymph organs, activation results in clonal expansion, B cells produced soluble Igs to be circulated (now plasma cells)

A

humoral immunity

32
Q

aka antibodies, consist of four chains forming a Y-shaped molecule, each chain has an antigen-binding site

A

Immunoglobulins

33
Q

Each Ig can bind two identical antigens (allows formation of antigen-antibody complexes, these can allow macrophages to better identify invaders, mast cells produce histamine)

A

Immunoglobulins

34
Q

there are ___ classes of immunoglobulins, released at different times

A

5

35
Q

mature in the thymus, directly attack cells that carry specific antigens, cell-mediated immunity

A

T-lymphocytes

36
Q

a macrophage ingests virus or cancer cell and presents the antigen, T cells are activated upon through antigen recognition, clonal expansion occurs

A

cell mediated immunity

37
Q

What are the 2 types of activated cells during cell mediated immunity?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

Helper T cells

38
Q

actually attack the cells with foreign antigens right away

A

cytotoxic T cells

39
Q

detect antigens and release cytokines, these cause the growth of more T cells

A

Helper T cells

40
Q

cells grown and mature there, bone marrow and thymus

A

primary lymphoid organs

41
Q

cells move there to expose themselves to antigens, lymph nodes, spleen, and MALT

A

secondary lymphoid organs

42
Q

any lymphocytes that bind to self-antigens undergo ___________, if the cells is prone to attack your own antigens, it is destroyed, eliminates autoimmunity

A

self-antigens

43
Q

mature B and T cells become activated in the _________

A

lymph nodes

44
Q

the _____ is the site of immune response to antigens found mainly in the blood

A

spleen

45
Q

MALT includes the _______ and __________

A

tonsils and appendix

46
Q

once exposed to an antigen, it takes time for the B and T lymphocytes to differentiate and for clonal expansion to occur, this is __________________

A

primary immune response

47
Q

during clonal expansion, certain cells do not fight the infection but instead just go into the lymphoid system, these are known as _________

A

memory cells

48
Q

these is a large collection of memory cells that can recognize the antigen, immune response is more effective, illness rarely occurs

A

secondary immune response

49
Q

the acceptance of self cells

A

immune tolerance

50
Q

caused by the failure of immune tolerance, result in activation of autoreactive T cells and production of autoantibodies by B cells, cause inflammation and organ damage

A

autoimmune diseases

51
Q

all refers to a greatly heightened response to a foreign antigen, or ________, it is simply an adaptive immune response to an allergen, B cells produce antibodies which stimulate mast cells to produce histamine

A

allergen

52
Q

most common type of allergies, results in hives and local responses

A

immediate hypersensitivity

53
Q

dramatic, systemic response to an allergen, can result in death if not treated

A

anaphylaxis

54
Q

RBC cell membranes have surface antigens, usually glycoproteins or glycolipids, genetically determined, A, B, and Rh used to determine _________

A

blood type

55
Q

produce antibodies for the ______ you don’t have, foreign antigens are destroyed by body

A

antibodies

56
Q

the accumulation of point mutations to the viral genome that express antigen

A

antigenic drift

57
Q

sudden appearance of a new viral subtype where proteins are completely different due to antigenic drift

A

antigenic shift

58
Q

mounts a direct attack on helper T cells, binds to protein on T cell

A

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

59
Q

an individual is considered to have ______ when their T cell level has dropped significantly, immunosupression results in an increase in opportunistic infections and cancers

A

AIDS

Biology 110 (18 decks)

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