231-renal and urothelial Flashcards
two factors made by translocation of HIFalpha to the nucleus
VEGF and PDGF
why are clear cells clear cytoplasm?
full of glycogen and fat. Sometimes it is hemorrhagic though
Difference b/w papillary adenoma and and carcinoma? how about for clear cell and chromophobe?
size (t have non-malignant counterparts
three types of malignancies of the lower urinary tract? any sub-classifications?
urothelial (split into flat and papillary growth patterns), squamous cell, adenocarcinoma
for which type of RCC are you not thinking of a syndrome when you see bilateral and multifocal
papillary (clear cell and chromophobe and oncocytoma all are usually not unless in a syndrome)
three key microscopic features of chromophobe RCC
prominent cell borders (“vegetable-like”), “raisinoid” nuclei, perinuclear halos
three types of benign renal tumors
oncocytoma, angiomyolipoma, papillary adenoma
mahogany brown with central stellate scar? what would histology look like?
oncocytoma densely eosinophilic (pink) cytoplasm
angiomyolipoma: associated syndrome?
Tuberous sclerosis
most common mutation/chromosomal abnormality in ppl with
VHL mutation or loss of chromosome 3p
what do you see on histology of papillary RCC
psammoma bodies and foamy macrophages
different types of urinary tract tumor based on growth pattern
papillary can be non-invasive (papilloma, PUNLMP, low and high grad papillary urothelial carcinoma) or invasive (invasive high grade urothelial carcinoma, squamous, adeno)
Flat growth is just non-invasive (urothelial carcinoma in situ)
which malignancy of lower urinary tract has flat architecture? high grade or low?
urothelial carcinoma in situ
high grade
squamous cell carcinoma: when do you see it?
outside of US: infection with schistosoma haematobium
in the US: uncommon but can be from cystectomy, spinal cord injury
adenocarcinoma: risk factors
exstrophy of the bladder, can also be due to S. hematobium (not as much as squamous cell)
