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Anatomy Exam #1 > Anatomy Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Anatomy Chapter 4 Flashcards

0
Q

what are the main tissues found in the body?

A

Epithelial
connective
muscle
nueral

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1
Q

A group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function are?

A

Tissues

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2
Q

what do Epithelial tissues do?

A

cover surfaces
line spaces/ passageways
form glands - produce specialized secretions
control permeability

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3
Q

what do connective tissues do?

A
  1. fill internal spaces
    2 support other tissues
  2. transport materials
  3. store lipids
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4
Q

Where are Muscle tissues found?

A

skeletal muscles
heart
wall of various hollow/tubular organs

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5
Q

where are neural tissues found?

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

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6
Q

Epithelial cells are often connected to a basement membrane so they exhibit ____.

A

Polarity

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7
Q

the surface of the cell connected to the basement membrane is called what?

A

basil surface

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8
Q

surface of epithelial cell that isnt connected to the basement membrane is called what?

A

apical surface

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9
Q

T/F : Epithelial cells can regenerate

A

T

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10
Q

T/F : epithelial cell have a large blood supply

A

F: they lack blood supply

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11
Q
  1. how are epithelial tissues packed?

2. do they have a lot or little extracellular membrane?

A
  1. mostly tightly packed

2. they have little extracellular material

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12
Q

how are Epithelial cells classified?

A

by cell shape and layering

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13
Q

what are the three cell shapes of epithelial tissues?

A

Squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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14
Q

what are the classifications of layering for epithelial cells?

A

simple
stratified
pseudostratified

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15
Q

describe simple layering

A

one layer of connected cells

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16
Q

describe stratified layering

A

2 or more layers of connected cells

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17
Q

describe Pseudostratified

A

inbetween simple and stratified (hard to tell)

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18
Q

describe squamous

A

scale-like cells
look like fried eggs
flat
nucleus “on top” of the cell

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19
Q

describe cuboidal cells

A

cube shaped

nucleus in the middle of cell

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20
Q

describe columnar

A

column shaped cells
nucleus toward the “bottom” of the cell
usually ciliated

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21
Q

where can you find Simple squamous epithelial tissues? and what is their function

A
  1. minimal stress areas
    - alveoli, blood vessels, heart chambers, inner lining of cornea
  2. allows for rapid diffusion, filtration, secretion, protection, reduces friction
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22
Q

where can you find Simple cuboidal epithelial tissues? and what are their function?

A
  1. lining of some ducts, intestins, kidneys tubules, exocrine glands, ovary surfaces
  2. absorption, protection and secretion
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23
Q

where can you find Simple columnar epithelial tissues? what are its functions?

A
  1. lining of uterine tract, lining of stomach, intestines, gallbladder, collecting ducts of kidneys
  2. protection, secretion, absorption
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24
Q

describe Stratified squamous, Keratinized cells

A

many layers

surface cells are dead, flat, and filled with the protein keratin

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25
Q

Describe stratified squamous, nonkeratinized

A

many layers
no keratin in cells
surface layer alive, flat and moist

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26
Q

where can you find Stratified squamous, keratinized epithelial tissues? what are its functions?

A
  1. dermis of the skin

2. protection of underlying tissue

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27
Q

where can you find Stratified squamous, nonkeratinized epithelial tissues? what are its functions?

A
  1. lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus
  2. protection of underlying tissue
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28
Q

where can you find Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissues? what are its functions?

A
  1. found in large ducts in most exocrine glands, in male urethra
  2. protection, secretion
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29
Q

where can you find Stratified columnar epithelial tissues? what are its functions?

A
  1. Rare, some ducts of exocrine glands, in some regions of male urethra
  2. protection, secretion
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30
Q

where can you find Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissues? what are its functions?

A
  1. in most respiratory tract, nasal cavity lining, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
    * * non- ciliated is rare
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31
Q

where can you find Transitional Epithelium epithelial tissues? what are its functions?

A
  1. lining of urinary bladder, ureters, part of urethra

2. distention, relaxation to accommodate urine volume changes

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32
Q

what is the function of Mesenchyme tissue? where is it found?

A
  1. common origin for all other connective tissue types

2. throughout the body of the embryo, fetus, adult (amnion)

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33
Q

what is the function of Mucous Connective tissue? where is it found?

A
  1. support of structures in umbilical cord attaching fetus to mother
  2. umbilical cord of fetus
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34
Q

a collection of epithelial tissues that produce a secretion are called what?

A

Glands

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35
Q

a gland that release secretion into internal fluid (no ducts used) is called?

A

endocrine gland

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36
Q

A gland that releases secretion via ducts (tubular passageways) onto the surface of an epithelial tissue is called what?

A

Exocrine gland

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37
Q

name the three types of exocrine glands

A

serous
mucous
mixed gland

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38
Q

exocrine glad who’s secretion is watery is a?

A

serous gland

39
Q

exocrine glad who’s secretion is a thick, slimy secretion is a?

A

Mucous Gland

40
Q

exocrine gland that has both serous and mucous secretion is a?

A

mixed gland

41
Q

____ are the only glandular epithelial cells that are found by themselves (scattered among cells of other epithelial tissue)

A

Goblet cells

42
Q

how are connective tissues categorized?

A

by physical properties

43
Q

connective tissues contain __ extracellular materials than epithelia tissue.

A

more

44
Q

T/F : connective tissues are exposed to the outside environment

A

F : they are not exposed to outside environment

45
Q

what are the three features that connective tissues have?

A

have specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, ground substance

46
Q

Ground substance + protein fibers =

A

Matrix

47
Q

what are the 3 general categories of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper
supporting connective tissue
fluid connective tissue

48
Q

what are the functions of connective tissue proper

A

connects tissues
protect organs
store lipids

49
Q

what is the function of supporting connective tissues?

where can it be found?

A

provide structure support of body.

bone, cartilage

50
Q

what is the function of fluid connective tissue?

where can it be found?

A
  1. transport substances around the body

2. blood and lymphs

51
Q

what are the resident cell types in Connective tissue proper?

A

Fibroblasts
adipocytes
fixed macrophages
mesenchymal cells

52
Q

what are the wandering cell types in Connective tissue proper.

A

mast cells
plasma cells
free macrophages
leukocytes

53
Q

what are the types of protein fibers in connective tissue proper?

A

collagen
elastic
reticular

54
Q

type of protein fiber in connective tissue proper that is tough and rope like.

A

collagen

55
Q

type of protein fibers in connective tissue proper that have “give”.

A

elastic

56
Q

type of protein fiber in connective tissue proper that is thin and delicate

A

reticular

57
Q

What are the two broad categories of connective tissues proper?

A

Dense

loose tissues

58
Q

what division of connective tissue proper, mostly made of protein fibers with little ground substance and is tough

A

Dense tissue

59
Q

what is a division of connective tissue proper with lots of ground substance and is squishy and cushiony. what does it do?

A

loose tissue

fills spaces bt organs, surrounds/stabilizes/cushions organs

60
Q

what are the three types of dense tissue

A

Dense regular
Dense irregular
elastic

61
Q

kind of dense tissue that has fibers that run parallel, mostly collagen protein and is tough

A

Dense regular

62
Q

kind of dense tissue that has fibers that are in a random, meshwork arrangement

A

Dense Irregular

63
Q

dense connective tissue that os mostly elastic protein fibers and they run parallel

A

Elastic

64
Q

where are Dense connective tissue proper Regular tissue in the body?

A

tendons

ligaments

65
Q

where are dense connective tissue proper irregular located in the body?

A

dermis of the skin

66
Q

where is dense connective tissue proper elastic located in the body?

A

elastic connections of spinal vertebrae

67
Q

what is the ground substance in loose connective tissue proper like?

A 
thick
syrupy
gooey
semi-fluid
(like molasses)
68
Q

what are the 3 types of loose connective tissue proper

A

Areolar
adipose
reticular tissue

69
Q

where are loose connective tissue proper areolar in the body?

A

surrounding nerves
vessels
organs
bt skin and underlying muscle

70
Q

Protein fibers packed more loosely and contains collagen, elastin, reticular

A

loose connective tissue proper areolar

71
Q

loose connective tissue that consists mostly of fat cells with very little or no ground substance or protein fibers

A

Loose connective tissue proper adipose

72
Q

where is loose connective tissue proper adipose in the body?

A

used as cushioning/packing material around organs, between skin and underlying muscle, also for energy storage.

73
Q

loose connective tissue proper that contains reticular protein fibers and blood cells

A

loose connective tissue proper reticular

74
Q

where is loose connective tissue proper reticular located in the body?

A 
used to make delicate organs like...
spleen 
liver
lymph nodes
bone marrow 
"think of spider fibers brought together to make a mesh like tissue
75
Q

what are the two divisions of supporting connective tissue?

A

cartilage

bone

76
Q

cartilage’s ground substance is made up os a firm ____. cells suspended in this gel are called _____

A

gel, chondrocytes

77
Q

what is cartilage typically surrounded by?

A

perichrondrium (layer of protective dense connective tissue)

78
Q

what are the three types of cartilage found in the body?

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

79
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage

A

provides stiff but somewhat flexible support and reduced friction between boney surfaces

80
Q

a kind of cartilage that is slick, has protein fibers dissolved in the ground substance and has chondrocytes

A

hyaline

81
Q

what the function of elastic cartilage

A

support but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape

82
Q

where is elastic cartilage in the body?

A

auricle of the external ear, epiglottis, auditory canal, cuneiform cartilages of larynx

83
Q

a kind of cartilage protein fibers not dissolved, softer, squishy, pliable

A

Elastic cartilage

84
Q

what if the function of fibrocartilage?

A

resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits relative movement

85
Q

where is fibrocartilage located in the body

A

pads within the knee joint, between pubic bones of pelvis, intervertebral discs

86
Q

kind of cartilage names for abundance of protein fibers made of collagen, tightly packed and parallel, very tough

A

fibrocartilage

87
Q

the ground substance of bone is ____ due to ____ salts

A

solid

Ca2+

88
Q

the main cell type found in bone is ___ and its protein fibers are mostly composed of ____

A

osteocytes, collagen

89
Q

what is the Fluid connective tissue that is made mainly of water with dissolved substances

A

blood

90
Q

membranes are combinations of what?

A

epithelial
connective tissues

** epithelial tissue is on top of connective tissue

91
Q

what are the 4 kinds of membranes

A

serous
mucous
synovial
cutaneous

92
Q

what kind of membrane lines internal body cavities and who’s epithelial tissues secrete watery fluid

A

serous

93
Q

what kind of membrane lines passageways that are open to the outside environment and have epithelial cells that secrete thick fluid

A

mucous

94
Q

what kind of membrane lines joint spaces, and have epithelial cells secrete a thin fluid

A

synovial

95
Q

What kind of membrane has epithelial and connective tissues in the skin?

A

Cutaneous

Anatomy Exam #1 (6 decks)

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