Med Micro 1.1

Question 1

How does HPV enter the cell?

Answer 1

Receptor mediated endocytosis (common for animal viruses)

Question 2

In what way s are Koch’s postulates alive and well today? Or are they?

Answer 2

Goal is to establish cause of a disease. Often can’t use animal model due to specificity. Hard to use: isolate bacteria; some diseases caused by many pathogens; can’t inject a human. Use epidemiology.

Question 3

Epidemiology

Answer 3

Take data from people who have a disease and use this to study a pathogen. ex HIV

Question 4

Examples of use of Koch’s postulates

Answer 4

HIV, HPV - still used. Unintentional exposure satisfies Koch’s 3rd postulate.

Question 5

Pathogenesis

Answer 5

steps involved in development of disease

Question 6

Pathogenicity

Answer 6

ability to cause disease

Question 7

Pathogen

Answer 7

microorganism capable of causing disease

Question 8

Pathology

Answer 8

study of structural and functional manifestations of disease

Question 9

Infectious Disease

Answer 9

diseases caused by microbe and microbes that cause infectious disease are collectively referred to as pathogens

Question 10

Infection

Answer 10

colonization by a pathogen

Question 11

Infection vs infectious disease

Answer 11

Disease is an imbalance, displaying symptoms. Infections strictly speaking aren’t imbalances

Question 12

Virulence factors

Answer 12

Factors that help a virus attach and then cause disease

Question 13

Fimbrae

Answer 13

used for attachment. contain adhesins.

Question 14

Why haven’t we been able to eliminate microbes?

Answer 14

We change (immune response), microbes change (selected for).

Question 15

4 factors that can alter the host-parasite relationship

Answer 15

Stress/lack of sleep; drugs; age; genetics

Question 16

Hospitals and infectious disease

Answer 16

Infections result from healthcare professionals not washing hands; also the location of overuse of antibiotics so much resistance generated there

Question 17

Mechanisms of Pathogenicity (parts of infectious disease)

Answer 17

Portals of entry, Penetration or evasion, damage to host cells, portals of exit

Question 18

Portals of entry

Answer 18

Mucous membranes (respiratory, GI tract, genitourinary tract, conjunctiva), skin, parenteral route (injury bypasses normal defense)

Question 19

Factors leading to infection

Answer 19

Number of microbes, adherence

Question 20

Penetration or evasion factors

Answer 20

Penetration is actual entry to actually get into the host. Capsules, cell wall components, enzymes, antigenic variation, invasins, intracellular growth

Question 21

Damage to host cells caused by…

Answer 21

Siderophores (collect iron, needed for enzymes), direct damage, toxins (exo and endo), lysogenic conversion (ie gene from virus into bacteria), cytopathic effects

Question 22

Portals of exit

Answer 22

Generally the same as entry. Why? Similar environment (binding)

Question 23

How have we evolved to deal with such a high level of diversity?

Answer 23

Look at general mechanisms - innate immunity, then adaptive response

Question 24

Koch’s postulates

Answer 24

Present in all cases, isolate it, able to infect healthy host, and reisolate from new host