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Medical Micro > Med Micro 4.1 - 2nd Line (blood) > Flashcards

Med Micro 4.1 - 2nd Line (blood) Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up second line of defense?

A

cells, anti microbial chemicals and processes (mostly in blood): phagocytosis, complement, interferon, inflammation, fever. No physical barriers except blood clotting. Most components are not just sitting there but are recruited.

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2
Q

What is the second line for?

A

When pathogens penetrate skin or mucous membranes (some things like defensins are present on the mucous membranes already). It is non-specific, but lots of communication

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3
Q

Major goals of second line

A

Containment (as limited as possible), and signal adaptive immunity (induces the 3rd line)

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4
Q

Plasma

A

Water with electrolytes, gases, nutrients, protein (clotting factors, complement proteins, ABs)

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5
Q

Serum

A

Name for plasma when coagulation proteins removed

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6
Q

Functions of innate immune system (6)

A
  1. Physical and chemical barrier 2. Recruiting immune cells to sites of infections (cytokines) 3. Activate complement cascade to identify bacteria, lyse cells and attract and promote phagocytosis (opsonize bac) 4. Identify and remove of foreigners by WBC 5. Activate inflammation and fever 6. Activate adaptive immune system with antigens etc.
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7
Q

Functions of innate immune system Acronym

A

BRCA WI: Barrier, Recruit, Complement, Activate Adaptive, WBC, Inflammation

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8
Q

How do we sequester iron? How do bacteria circumvent this?

A

We have lactoferrin (in tears, mucous). They have siderophores (membrane-bound or secreted) and hemolysin. Siderophores still from hemoglobin with high binding affinity. Lactoferrin binds even tighter. Competition.

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9
Q

Nutrient immunity

A

a term to describe how we generally sequester nutrients so they are not available

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10
Q

Platelets: Origin and function

A

from megakaryocytes. Clotting, secrete TGFß and FGF

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11
Q

Leukocytes

A

aka WBC. 2 types: granulocytes (secrete toxins in granules, and phagocytosis) and agranulocytes (B cell, secrete AB

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12
Q

3 types of granulocytes

A

Basophils (heparin and histamine, bind IgE ABs, in allergies); eosinophils ; neutrophils

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13
Q

Macrophages

A

Some fixed (specific names, like dendritic cell), some mobile and phagocytose throughout body. Release cytokines to attract neutrophils and signals for tissue repair

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14
Q

Neutrophils

A

lactoferrin, defensins, other chems; Phagocytize pathogens, Capable of diapedesis

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15
Q

Eosinophils

A

cationic proteins, reactive O2 species; Phagocytize pathogens, Capable of diapedesis

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16
Q

Diaspedesis

A

can squeeze out of blood vessels to enter an area. (in veins, not out of arteries). Bind to sites on vessels before squeezing out

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17
Q

2 types of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

18
Q

Lymphocytes

A

most involved in specific immunity (T and B cells)

19
Q

Monocytes

A

leave the blood and mature into macrophages (dendritic cells, etc). Phagocytosis

20
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system

A

All macrophages, plus monocytes attached to endothelial cells, constitute the mononuclear phagocytic system

21
Q

Lab analysis of leukocytes

A

Increase can signal signs of disease. eosinophils: allergies or worms; neutrophils and lymphocytes: bacterial disease; lymphocytes: virus

22
Q

Nonspecific chemical defense

A

Lactoferrin (direct and not), lysozyme (direct), complement (direct and not), interferon (indirect), PRRs (indirect), transferrin (indirect), defensins (direct)

23
Q

Direct and indirect chemical defense

A

Direct is killing directly; indirect is enhancing killing by others

24
Q

Categories of indirect chemical defenses

A

Opsonizing, nutrient immunity, PRR stimulates complement, inflammation (chemokines)

25
Q

Inflammation

A

Important of containment, brings in phagocytes etc. Nonspecific, increases defensins

26
Q

Purpose of Fever

A

Goal is to inhibit growth

27
Q

Problem with chronic inflammation

A

(cancer), Leaky blood vessels, collateral damage from granules

28
Q

Make a diagram and label all important steps in the phagocytosis and destruction of a bacterial cell by a langerhans cell

A

Picture

29
Q

Steps in phagocytosis

A
  1. Chemotaxis (chemicals from bacteria or other phagocytes) 2. Adherence (opsonizing and binding). 3. Ingestion. 4. Digestion (phagolysosome) 5. Elimination (may include antigen presentation of epitope)
30
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (2 types)

A

Secreted molecules in blood and lymph: opsonize, trigger complement; surface receptors on phagocytic cells that bind for engulfment; TLR and cell surface receptors: bind pathogen, lead to release of cytokines and defensins; NOD: intracellular, same as TLR

31
Q

Similarity and difference b/w secreted PRR and AB?

A

Similar: both opsonize, trigger complement; difference: ABs can bind toxins, ABs very specific

32
Q

Mast cells

A

increase leakiness of blood vessels, easier for neutrophils to enter.

33
Q

Fixed macrophages examples

A

Dendritic cells, Kuppfer cells (liver), microglia (CNS)

34
Q

3 cell types that kill extracellularly

A

Eosinophil, natural killer cells, neutrophils. Secrete granules. Non-phagocytic

35
Q

Killing by eosinophils

A

Attach to helminths, secrete toxins (cationic proteins) that weaken or kill worm.

36
Q

Killing by natural killer lymphocytes

A

secrete perforin (makes pore) and granzyme (stimulates apoptosis) onto surface of virally infected cells and tumors; differentiate from normal cells (have similar antigens). Not restricted, kills anything different.

37
Q

Killing by neutrophils

A

Produce H2O2, NaClO, nitric oxide (inflammation); extracellular fibers called NETs that bind and kill bacteria. Platelet TLR4 activate NETs

38
Q

NETs

A

Neutrophil extracellular traps - form of suicide where nuclear and cytoplasmic components mix and then get released, trap gram + and - bac along with antimicrobials, get phagocytosed

39
Q

Killing by cytotoxic T cells

A

Similar to NK cells, perforin and granzyme. Difference is they are MHC-restricted: only attack cells with the MHC with the right epitope.

40
Q

Is humoral immunity MHC-restricted?

A

Level of MHC-restriction initially (T cell-dependant humoral immune response is MHC-restricted), then Antibodies produced which are not MHC-restricted

41
Q

Systemic infection

A

In the blood. Serious because it’s not localized. aka Sepsis

42
Q

Transferrin

A

Like lactoferrin, binds Iron tightly

Medical Micro (18 decks)

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