1848-49 Revolutions and Aftermath (1848-1860) Flashcards
(24 cards)
What lead to the 1848 Revolutions?
-The want for constitutions and independency
-Poor harvests
-Breakouts for cholera in Sicily
-Austria refused reform
-Reactionary rulers
-Defeat of the 1820-21 revolutions lead to a developed hate for Austria
-Growth of secret societies
-Pope Pius IX goes from liberal to completely conservative
How did the 1848 Revolutions impact Piedmont?
-Charles Albert after being made King in 1831 finally issues a constitution in March 1848
-War is declared on Austria
-States around Piedmont pledge to them and send troops
Why did Piedmont fail to defeat the Austrians?
-Arrogant and commanded his own army
-Too cautious
-Divisions in Italy
-Austrian army was too strong
How did the 1848 Revolutions impact Tuscany?
-Pledged to support Charles Albert against Austria
-Reforms are made and a constitution is granted
-After they withdraw support for Charles Albert, Pope Pius IX is allocated in April 1848 and he destroys the constitution
How did the 1848 Revolutions impact Milan in Lombardy-Venetia?
-Protests against Austrian rule turns to street fighting
-Actually manage to oust the Austrians and try get Charles Albert to lead them
-Austrians then regroup and kick their asses lmao
How did the 1848 Revolutions impact Venice in Lombardy-Venetia?
-Actually manage to oust the Austrians and they set up the Republic of Venice
-This lasts until August 1849 until the Austrians reclaim it
How did the 1848 Revolutions impact the Papal States?
-Pope Pius IX flees Rome as the revolutions grow
-Mazzini returns from exile and stays in the Roman Republic in 1849
-Defeated by French Forces in July 1849
How did the 1848 Revolutions impact Naples and Sicily?
-Economic problems and the breakout of cholera lead to revolution
-Resulted in the uprisings of secret societies
What weaknesses did the revolutionaries have during the 1848 revolutions?
-Had limited resources
-Charles Albert was a bad leader
-Revolutions are short lived
-Revolutions are still too isolated
What strengths did the conservatives have during the 1848 revolutions?
-Had help from other countries due to the Pope’s influence (the Pope eventually lost though, so what does this say about the Pope’s power?)
-Propaganda
-Had an army stronger than Austria and France
What was Piedmont like pre-French revolution?
-Ruled by house of Savoy
-Ruled over Island of Sardinia
-Pretty conservative
-Society > Feudal system
What was Piedmont like under Napoleon?
-Piedmont was invaded first
-Became a part of France in 1810
-Had more progressive legislation under Code Napoleon
-Had a changing demographic due to the new Middle Class and Merit System
What was Piedmont like after the Congress of Vienna?
-Monarchy restored to Victor Emmanuel I
-Absorbed Genoa and took back Savoy
-Extremely reactionary due to Victor Emmanuel I
What was the 1858 Plombières Agreement?
A secret agreement between France (Napoleon III) and Piedmont (Cavour) to ally against Austria and finally remove their influence from Italy
Who was Napoleon III?
-Elected President of France after the 1848 Paris Revolutions
-Crushed by Roman Republic in 1849 when trying to gain Catholic support
-Finally became Emperor of France in 1852 after a successful coup
-Had sympathy for Italian nationalists
-Helped oust Austria in exchange for Nice and Savoy
Who was Cavour?
-Became PM of Piedmont-Sardinia in 1852
-Allied Piedmont with France
What facts should be known about Cavour?
-Improved Piedmont’s economy and trade
-Built railways in Piedmont
-Got Lombardy at the end of the war, but had a temper tantrum when he didn’t get Venetia too and quit
-Joined the Crimean War to make allies
-Led a constitutional government
-Wasn’t consulted when Napoleon III found peace with the Austrians
^ Presents him as less important
What was the Battle of Solferino?
In June 1859, the French army and Piedmont-Sardinian armies fought against the Austrian army
What was the outcome of the Battle of Solferino?
-Italy would be four states grouped together - Kingdom of Upper Italy
-The Pope would be their figurehead
-France received Savoy (although Nice was still up for question)
-Ensured that Austria would have no allies
-Marriage between Napoleon III and VEII’s daughter
-Victor Emmanuel II becomes King
-All of this was corporated into a treaty in 1859
Overall, why was Cavour significant?
-Built expensive railways which better connected Italy
-Made progressive liberal reforms towards education
-Put Piedmont in focus
-Helped win votes in Central Duchies
-Gained an ally in France
Overall, why was Cavour less significant?
-Opposed joining the Crimean War
-His temper tantrum over not receiving Venetia makes him quit, making his skills doubtable
-Doesn’t provide enough men in the war despite promising 100,000
-Would never have received Lombardy without France’s help
Overall, why was Napoleon III significant?
-Provided 200,000 well trained soldiers for the war VS Austria
-Instigated the 1858 Plombières Agreement
Overall, why was Napoleon III less significant?
-Motives focused on French expansion
-Wanted to protect the Papal States
-Would later block Garibaldi’s attempts to annex Rome
Why was King Victor Emmanuel II not changing his name an issue?
His name represented old Italy, so changing it would show a new era for Italy. However, it remained the same.
