Congress of Vienna and Revolutions 1815-1847 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What was the Congress of Vienna?
A meeting between European nations which led to Italian state boundaries being returned to what they were before Napoleon arrived
Who became King of Piedmont after the congress of Vienna?
King Victor Emmanuel I
Who became king of Naples and Sicily after the congress of Vienna?
King Ferdinand I
What did the Austrian Chancellor, Metternich, say about Italy?
-That he wished to extinguish Italian unity and ideas about constitutions
-“Italian Affairs do not exist”
Why were post-Napoleon rulers deemed reactionary?
They wanted to revert Italy back to how it was before Napoleon. However, not all of them where reactionary
Which post-Napoleon rulers were progressive?
-Ferdinand III improved education and freedom of expression
-Duchess Marie-Louise was considered an enlightened leader, and despite ridding of Code Napoleon she replaced it with very similar laws
Which post-Napoleon states were reactionary?
Piedmont, Modena, the Papal States and Naples
What did King Victor Emmanuel I do after being returned to power?
-Got rid of Code Napoleon
-Gave back special privileges to nobility
-Tore up parks, gardens, bridges, lights solely because the French had built them
-Brought back anti-Jewish laws that forced them into slums
What did Ferdinand I do after being returned to power?
-Cancelled the Sicilian constitution of 1812
-Led an oppressive, cruel and reactionary rule
What happened in the 1820 and 1831 revolutions?
Moderate protests that were fought against oppressive rule, rather than wanting to unite Italy
How was post-congress of Vienna Italy different to 1789?
-People are better educated
-Piedmont is larger
-More Austrian rule
-Lombardy + Venetia combined
-More progressive rulers
-Growth of the middle class as workers become more skilled
Why was Lombardy and Venetia joining together a good thing?
-People lived better lives due to better education
-Led to the divide between rich and poor deteriorating due to the Middle Class
How were Urban groups impacted by the Congress of Vienna?
-Led to reactionary states (negative impact)
-Revoked merit system which led to jobs being lost
-Removal of Code Napoleon and education progress
The merit system meant people got jobs based on skill, not social status
How was the Aristocracy impacted by the Congress of Vienna?
-Elites were inspired for progress
-Lost feudal rights
-Felt vulnerable (French Revolution showed they could be easily overthrown)
What political effects led to the 1820-21 and 1831 revolutions?
-Piedmont and Naples reactionary
-Sicilians restored to Naples lost their 1812 constitution
-Led to a constitution being demanded in 1831
What economic effects led to the 1820-21 and 1831 revolutions?
-Bad harvests in the 1810’s and 20s
-Which leads to food prices increasing and peasants eating seeds
-Wealthy impacted by leisure activities becoming less common
What social effects led to the 1820-21 and 1831 revolutions?
-Loss of French infrastructure
-Lack of public spending
-1831 -> Austrian opposition due to how they handled the 1820-21 revolution (troops put down uprisings with force)
What changes in education led to the 1820-21 and 1831 revolutions?
-Growth of liberal and national beliefs
-Napoleonic education led to a boost in literacy rates
-Growth of secret societies
What secret societies were there?
-Quiet a few, Carbonari is the most important
How was Parma impacted by the 1831 Revolutions?
Students demanded a constitution from Marie-Louise, leading to her fleeing the state. The students then set up a provisional government. They contacted Modena and created a joint army with them.
How was Modena impacted by the 1831 Revolutions?
Led by Enrico Misely, he wanted to establish a constitution for Modena. However, he was betrayed and imprisoned in February 1831
Believing the threat was over, Duke Francis IV visited Vienna. Meanwhile, revolutionaries set up a provisional government. They then made a joint army with Parma.
How was the Papal States impacted by the 1831 Revolutions?
-Professional classes rose up against the Church that had been restricting them due to the new wave of reactionary popes
-Managed to set up a provisional government in Bologna
-Horrifically defeated later by the Austrians
What impact did the 1920-21 and 1831 revolutions have across Italy?
-Caused a growth in secret societies
-Started a dislike towards Austria
-Led to some visions of unity
-Led to clearer common goals - making a constitution
What were the reasons for failure during the 1820-21 revolutions?
-No leader
-Lack of common goal
-Spread out revolutions
-Austrians easily crushed the revolutions
-No long term plan
-Lack of supplies
