1848 EVIDENCE

Question 1

The Communist Manifesto presents an analytical approach to the class […]

Answer 1

struggle

Question 2

It details the problems of capitalism and the capitalist mode of […]

Answer 2

production

Question 3

Class conflict can take many different forms. Some examples are:
1. Direct violence, such as 
[...]
2. Indirect violence, such as deaths from
[...]
3. Coercion, such as the threat of 
[...] 
4. It can also be 
[...]

Answer 3

1. Wars fought for resources / cheap labour
2. Poverty, starvation, illness
3. Losing a job
4. Ideological (academic)

Question 4

Sergei Witte (1849 - 1915), was a highly influential policy-maker who presided over extensive what in Russia?

Answer 4

Industrialisation in the cities (and industrial projects like the Trans-Siberian railway)

Question 5

Witte pushed who towards reforms?

Answer 5

Tsar Nicholas II

Question 6

Most notably, Witte was the author of the what in 1905?

Answer 6

The October Manifesto

Question 7

The basic unit of Russian currency is?

Answer 7

The Rouble

Question 8

Witte put the Rouble on…

Answer 8

The gold standard

via the royal decree “On the minting and issuance of gold coins”

Question 9

Witte’s reforms created trust from overseas investors, but also created what in Russian cities?

Answer 9

Over-crowding

and therefore a oppressed / suppressed “proletariat”

Question 10

The Russian Imperial Census of 1897 was the what and what census carried out in the Russian Empire?

Answer 10

first and only

next one was not until 1926

Question 11

Russian society is often depicted as a feudal […]

Answer 11

Pyramid

the upper classes propped up by the labour of the working masses

Question 12

Lower classes were kept in check with what three things?

Answer 12

Endless work

Religion

The treat of violence

Question 13

According to historian Michael Lynch, the 1897 census categorised the population of Russia into four broad class groups. These were?

Answer 13

Upper

Middle

Working

Peasants

Question 14

Nicholas was out of touch with […]

Answer 14

his people

Question 15

Very early in his reign he resolved to follow his dead father in upholding and reinforcing […]

Answer 15

the autocratic monarchy

strict penalties for rebellion of any kind

Question 16

Nicholas promised reform but did so with no […]

Answer 16

sincerity

Question 17

What evidence do we have of Nicholas being imperialist?

Answer 17

The Trans-Siberian railway and expansionist aims / the Russo-Japanese War

Question 18

In the 1897 census, the Upper Class was what percentage of the population?

Answer 18

12.5%

Question 19

According to Lynch, the Upper Class included groups such as? (give one)

Answer 19

Royalty, nobility, the higher clergy

Question 20

In the 1897 census, the Middle Class was what percentage of the population?

Answer 20

1.5%

Question 21

According to Lynch, the Middle Class included groups such as? (give one)

Answer 21

Merchants, bureaucrats, professionals

Question 22

In the 1897 census, the Working Class were what percentage of the population?

Answer 22

4%

Question 23

According to Lynch, the Working Class included what sort of groups? (give one)

Answer 23

Factory workers, artisans, soldiers, sailors

Question 24

In the 1897 census, the Peasant Class was what percentage of the population?

Answer 24

82%

Question 25

According to Lynch, the Peasant Class included what sort of groups? (give one)

Answer 25

Landed and landless farmers

Question 26

Countries that different Russification? (name one, BULP)

Answer 26

Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Poland (BULP)

Question 27

The construction of new factories drew thousands of landless peasants into the cities in search of work. In time they formed a rising social class: the [...]

Answer 27

industrial proletariat

Question 28

Russia's cities were not equipped for rapid urban growth. Industrial employers had to house workers in ramshackle [...]

Answer 28

dormitories and tenements | most lived in unhygienic and often freezing conditions

Question 29

This new working class (exploited, poorly treated, clustered together in large numbers) were susceptible to what?

Answer 29

Revolutionary ideas | and yes, illness

Question 30

In late 1904, who became an instrumental figure in unrest at what steel plant in St Petersburg?

Answer 30

Father Georgy Gapon at Putilov Steel Works | workers went on strike

Question 31

The Russian Social Democratic Party (SDs) formed in 1898 in Minsk. The SD program was based on the theories of [...]

Answer 31

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels | that, despite Russia's agrarian nature, the true revolutionary potential lay withy the industrial working class

Question 32

In 1902 Lenin published [...]

Answer 32

What is to be Done? | outlining his view of the party's task and methodology - i.e. to form "the vanguard of the proletariat"

Question 33

Lenin advocated what sort of party?

Answer 33

A disciplined, centralised party of committed activities | a sort of strike team

Question 34

The SDs split in 1903 into Majority and Minirity [...]

Answer 34

factions

Question 35

The Majority (Bolshevik) faction was led by [...]

Answer 35

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by his pseudonym - Vladimir Lenin

Question 36

The Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs) were led by [...]

Answer 36

Victor Chernov

Question 37

The party's (SRs) ideology was revolutionary socialism, with a focus on [...]

Answer 37

agrarian socialist reform

Question 38

In other works, where the SDs focused on the proletariat, the SRs focused on the [...]

Answer 38

peasants | à la Mao - sort of

Question 39

The party's (SRs) program garnered much support amongst Russia's rural peasantry, who, in particular, supported he party's program of land [...] As opposed to the Bolshevik program of land [...]

Answer 39

socialisation (i.e. division of land to peasant tenants) nationalisation (i.e. collectivisation in state management)

Question 40

The SDs were not officially [...]

Answer 40

Marxist (because they believed the proletariat would be the "vanguard", but with the peasantry forming the "main body" of the revolutionary army)