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2 PID Unit > 19 Opportunistic Gram Negatives > Flashcards

19 Opportunistic Gram Negatives Flashcards

1
Q

T/F- Almost any pathogen that can grow at 37 degrees can cause an opportunistic infection

A

True

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2
Q

Characteristics of Klebsellia?

A
  • Opportunistic enterobacteriacea
  • Gram negative non-motile rod
  • Prominent mucoid capsule enhances virulence
  • Lactose positive
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3
Q

What are the two most common species of Klebsiella isolated from medical patients?

A

K. pneumoniae

K. oxytoca

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4
Q

T/F- Antibiotic resistance is not a significant problem in Klebsiella

A

False. Select Klebsiellas produce extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) and are resistant to many antibiotics. Choose antibiotic treatment based on local susceptibility patterns.

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5
Q

Symptoms of Klebsiella infection?

A

fever
productive cough (often blood tinged)
May cause community acquired or hospital acquired pneumonia

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6
Q

T/F- Klebsiella has a low mortality rate

A

False. A high mortality rate (over 50% even with Antibiotic treatment) is observed, likely due to the underlying concomitant medical conditions

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7
Q

Characteristics of Proteus species?

A
  • gram neg. rod
  • swarming motility
  • lactose negative
  • urease positive
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8
Q

Which species of proteus causes 90% of all proteus infections?

A

P. mirabilis

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9
Q

What are the typical infections caused by proteus?

A 
UTI
wound 
septicemia
pneumonia
(These mostly occur in hospitalized patients)
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10
Q

What organism causes urinary stones (struvite)? And how?

A

Proteus produces high levels of urease=>hydrolyzes urea to ammonia=>increased alkalinity=>precipitates Mg and Ca

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11
Q

Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A
  • Gram negative aerobic motile rod
  • oxidase positive
  • non fermenting (unlike enterobacteriacieae)
  • mucoid exopolysaccharide (slime layer)
  • grape-like odor
  • blue-green pus
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12
Q

Does pseudomonas aeruginosa produce any pigments? If so, which ones?

A 
Yes
-pyocyanin: blue pigment
-pyoverdin: yellow pigment (siderophore)
-pyorubrum: red pigment.
REMEMBER P.  cepacia (Burkholderia cepacia) does not produce pigments!
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13
Q

Where is pseudomonas found?

A

soil, water, plants

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14
Q

What groups of patients are especially at risk for pseudomonas opportunistic infection? What are common infections?

A
  • Burn patients (can’t bring plants into burn unit), cystic fibrosis
  • swimmer’s ear (otitis externa), septicemia, pneumonia.
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15
Q

T/F- Lungs of most children w/ cystic fibrosis become colonized with P. aeruginosa before the age of 10

A

True

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16
Q

T/F- Pseudomonas bacteria have not yet acquired many antibiotic resistant genes

A

False

17
Q

Pseudomonas tend to form biofilms, how does this protect the bacteria?

A

Increased adhesion, immune evasion, and interferes with antibiotic treatment. They express new genes when biofilm forms!

18
Q

Burkholderia cepacia is related to P. aeruginosa. What type of infection is it associated with?

A

lung infections in CF patients

19
Q

What type of people are associated with Stenotrophomonas maltophila (p. maltophila) infections?

A

Hospital patients
HIV patients
immunocompromised patients

20
Q

Characteristics of Acinetobacter baumannii?

A
  • Gram negative, non-motile rod
  • Oxidase negative
  • Strict aerobe
  • Utilizes organic compounds other than sugars as a carbon source
21
Q

T/F- A rapidly increasing problem in hospitals and soldiers coming home from iraq/afghanistan wars is infection with multiply-resistant strains of acinetobacter baumanni?

A

True

22
Q

T/F- Gram negative rods (enterobacteria and others) are most frequently associated with infections of compromised hosts and cause a variety of infections (UTI, RTI, sepsis, device infections)?

A

True

23
Q

T/F Gram negative rods (enterobacteria and others) can be difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance?

A

True

24
Q

T/F Gram negative rods (enterobacteria and others) are not frequently found in the environment?

A

False

25
Q

Do gram positive bacteria grow on MacConkey agar?

A

No

26
Q

T/F- enterobacteriaceae are oxidase positive?

A

False, they are all oxidase negative

2 PID Unit (13 decks)

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