Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuroscience and NeuroAnatomy > 19 - Vision > Flashcards

19 - Vision Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

5 Major Classes of neuron in the Retina

A 
Ganglion Cells
Amacrine Cells
Bipolar Cells
Horizontal Cells
Photoreceptor Cells (Rods/Cones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 Nuclear Layers of the Retina

A

Outer Nuclear Area
Inner Nuclear Area
Ganglion Cell Layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Layers of the Retina (Inner to Outer)

A 
Ganglion Cell Layer
Inner Plexiform/Synaptic Layer
Inner Nuclear Layer
Outer Plexiform/Synaptic Layer
Outer Nuclear Layer
Pigment Epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Rods (Low light conditions)

Cones (Daylight, color vision, high accuity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Photoreceptors - Rods

A

Low Light Conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Photoreceptors - Cones

A

Daylight Conditions, Color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ganglion Cell Layer

A

Final output of the Retina, sends signal to the optic disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Horizontal Cells, Bipolar Cells, Amacrine Cells

A

Transduce the signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many photoreceptors are in the optic disc?

A
  1. There is a blind spot there.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

Circular
Smaller in the region of the Fovea (high visual accuity)
Larger towards the periphery
Have an antagonistic center-surround organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 Major Classes of Ganglion Cells that serve the same Photoreceptor Cells in parallel

A

M-Type Ganglion Cells

P-Type Ganglion Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A-Type Ganglion Cells

A

Large receptor fields

Respond to the gross aspects of the visual image and its movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

P-Type Ganglion Cells

A

Much smaller receptor fields
High visual accuity
Color vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Synapses from which cells are contained in the Outer Plexiform/Synaptic Layer?

A

Photoreceptors, Bipolar and Horizontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Synapses from which cells are contained in the Inner Plexiform/Synaptic Layer?

A

Bipolar, Amacrine & Ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the purpose of pigment epithelium

A

Preventing any photons not absorbed by the neurons from being reflected back and distorting the image.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pathway for Visual Perception

A 
Optic Disc
Optic Nerves
Optic Chiasm
Optic Tract
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (Relay)
Optic Radiations
V1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Synonyms for the Primary Visual Cortex

A

Striate Cortex
V1
Brodman’s Area 17
Banks of the Calcarine Fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Inferior Portion of the Retina - Represents

A

Contralateral Visual Field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Inferior Portion of the Retina - Pathway

A 
Optic Disc
Optic Nerves
Optic Chiasm
Optic Tract
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (Relay)
Meyer's Loop
Optic Radiations
V1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ganglion Cell Axons NOT involved in image processing (therefore not synapsing in the LGN) - Targets

A

Superior Colliculus (Eye Movement, Visuomotor Reflexes)
Pretectal Area/Nuclei (Pupillary Reflexes)
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of the Hypothalamus (Circadian Rhythms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is contained in the Left Optic Tract?

A

Left Temporal Hemiretina

Right Nasal Hemiretina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is contained in the Right Optic Tract?

A

Right Temporal Hemiretina

Left Nasal Hemiretina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which fibers decuss at the Optic Chiasm?

A

Both Nasal Hemiretinas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Brachium of the Superior Colliculus
Bypasses the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus, rides on top of the Medial Geniculate Nucleus. Target = Either Superior Colliculus or Pretectal Area/Nucleus
26
Pathway for consensual pupillary light reflex
Melanopsin-Containing Ganglion Cells (Retina) Optic Nerve Optic Chiasm Optic Tract Pretectal Nuclei (SYNAPSE) in the rostral part of the Superior Colliculus Edinger-Westphal Nuclei (Bilaterally, contralateral courses through posterior commissure) - SYNAPSE Occulomotor Nerve Ciliary Ganglion - SYNAPSE Smooth Muscle of the Pupillary Sphincter
27
Where is the Edinger-Westphal Nucleus?
Within the Occulomotor Nucleus (III)
28
What happens in the Edinger-Westphal Nucleus?
Incoming signals synapse on preganglionic parasympathetic fibers headed out with III.
29
Anisocoria
Pupillary asymmetry
30
Cause of anisocoria in humans
Lesions of the motor projection to the periphery
31
How many layers of nuclei are in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus?
6
32
Which nuclei within the LGN receive input from the contralateral nasal hemiretina?
6 4 1
33
Which nuclei within the LGN receive input from the ipsilateral temporal hemiretina?
2 3 5
34
Magnacellular Component
Large Cells Nuclei 1 & 2 (Most Ventral) in the LGN Input = M-Type Ganglion Cells
35
Parvocellular Component
Smaller Cells Nuclei 3, 4, 5 & 6 (Most Dorsal) in the LGN Input = P-Type Ganglion Cells
36
Stria of Gennari
Defined by line in Lamina 4B (myelin stain) | Determines where Area 17 spans
37
Adjacent to Stria of Gennari, you find
Area 18 Secondary Visual Cortex Extrastriate Cortex
38
Visual Cortex (V1) on Nissl Stain - Layer 1
Few Cells
39
Visual Cortex (V1) on Nissl Stain - Layer 2, 3 & 4a
High Density of Cells | Output = Extrastriate Cortex
40
Visual Cortex (V1) on Nissl Stain - Layer 4b
Stria of Gennari
41
Visual Cortex (V1) on Nissl Stain - Layer 4c
Many Cells (Two sublaminae - input from LGN)
42
Visual Cortex (V1) on Nissl Stain - Layer 5
Few Cells | Output = Superior Colliculi, Pons, Pulvinar
43
Visual Cortex (V1) on Nissl Stain - Layer 6
High Density of Cells | Output = LGN & Claustrum
44
Ultimate target of input from Inferior Retina
Inferior bank of the Calcarine Fissure
45
Ultimate target of input from the Superior Retina
Superior bank of the Calcarine Fissure
46
What is represented by the most posterior regions of the Calcarine Fissure?
The center of the visual field (Fovea)
47
What is represented by the most anterior regions of the Calcarine Fissure?
The periphery of the visual field
48
V1
Area 17
49
V2
Area 18
50
V3, V4
Area 19
51
V5
Area 19 - Middle Temporal Area (MTA)
52
Posterior Parietal Cortex
"Where" Pathway
53
Inferior Temporal Cotex
"What" Pathway
54
"Where" Pathway
V5 to Parietal Lobe
55
"What" Pathway
V4 to Temporal Lobe
56
Lesion on the Optic Nerve causes
Unilateral blindness
57
Lesion on the Optic Chiasm causes
Bitemporal Hemianopsia
58
Lesion in the Optic Tract causes
Homonymous Hemianopsia
59
Lesion in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus causes
Homonymous Hemianopsia
60
Lesion in the proximal Optic Radiations causes
Homonymous Hemianopsia
61
Lesion in Temporal Lobe (extending into Meyer's Loop) causes
Quadrantanopia of the contralateral superior quadrant
62
Lesion in the Primary Visual Cortex
Homonymous Hemianopsia (with Macular Sparing)
63
Why is the macular area sometimes spared form the homonymous hemianopsia resulting from a lesion in the primary visual cortex?
The fovea contains an incredibly dense population of fibers, and it's hard to get rid of ALL their targets with one lesion.
64
Trauma to the Visual Pole causes
Homonymous Hemianopsia (of Macular Area)

Neuroscience and NeuroAnatomy (41 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions