1924-1928: political developments Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
Who was elected presidency in april 1925?
A
Hindenburg
2
Q
How many coalition governments were there between November 1923 and March 1930?
A
6
3
Q
What caused the collapse of Luther’s government in 1926?
A
Fall out over flag
4
Q
Why did the Grand Coalition survive so long?
A
Majority of parties involved/cooperating
5
Q
Which parties were involved in all coalition governments between 1924-1928?
A
Centre party
6
Q
How and when did the Nazi Party originate?
A
- Beginning of 1919
- German Workers’ Party in Bavaria
- Rose amongst a confusing political scene in Munich
- Went unnoticed
7
Q
Who was the party created by?
A
- Toolmaker -> Anton Drexler
- Journalist -> Karl Harrer
8
Q
Who was the more dominant out of the creators of the German Workers’ Party?
A
Karl Harrer
Earliest political activity suggested by him
9
Q
What did Karl Harrer prefer in the German Workers’ Party?
A
- Semi-conspiratorial discussion group rather than public party
- Group restricted to 7
10
Q
How did the German Workers’ Party become an official party?
A
- Drexler realised their activity had little purpose
- wanted to publicise political views
- Jan 5 1919 - DAP organised
- For a while the DAP existed largely on paper, the original circle continued its meetings
11
Q
When was the DAP organised?
A
January 5th 1919
12
Q
When and how did the Party start gaining attention?
A
- By August 1919 -> Party known among rightist groups in Munich
- Attracted speakers at their meetings such as Gottfried Feder , Dietrich Eckart (Anti-Semitic)
13
Q
How did the DAP start to change its political activities?
A
- From semi-secret discussions to public rallies
- expanded original circle of people
- Between january and September 1919, built membership base and organisational structure
- expansion of propaganda activities
14
Q
what was one of Hitlers first victories in the DAP?
A
- When he and Drexler formed a united front against Harrer
- Harrer resigned his post
- Showed Hitlers control
15
Q
Who did Hitler chose for the role in the new office that was set up in DAP?
A
Rudolf Schüssler
Had worked together in political affairs department of the Bavarian Reichswehr after the war
16
Q
What were two ideaa Hitler had in order to transform the party into a powerful political party?
A
- To win approval of the present membership for his ideas and force the committee to adopt his scheme
- He was the only public speaker, so he could use propaganda to dilute the present membership with an influx of new members
17
Q
Which course of action did Hitler take in the DAP to change the party and why?
A
- To dilute the present membership with an influx of new members
- The DAPs small membership consisted mainly of people who lived in Drexlers neighbourhood, or held the same views as him (the current leader), so it was unlikely they’d desert the old leadership
18
Q
What did Hitler decide he wanted to do to change DAP?
A
- Used his public speaking + propaganda skills to gain new members
- people would welcome new membership
- The new people who join would join the party because of Hitler’s association with it
- Their loyalty would be to Hitler instead, not the institution
- Used this to overthrow the leadership
19
Q
what % of people voted pro republican parties in may 1924? compared to anti weimar parties
A
52%
39.4%
20
Q
How did Nazi vote change from the May 1924 election to december?
A
May 1924 election - Nazis won 6.5% of vote
By December - Nazi’s vote share to 3%
21
Q
What other party also fell after the 1924 May election?
A
Communist party
22
Q
When did the DNVP join the Reich coalition for the first time?
A
January 1925
23
Q
How did the Nazi vote change in the 1928 election?
A
Decreased to 2.6%, had 12 seats
24
Q
How many coalition cabinets were there between November 1923 and March 1930?
A
7 coalition cabinets
25
How many out of 23 cabinets between 1919 and 1932 had majority support in the Reichstag?
6 out of 23
26
When was the Grand coalition? And who was involved?
June 1928
SPD, Centre, DDP, DVP. BVP
27
what happened to the government of Luther in 1926?
Collapsed after a dispute of flags
Hindenburg suggested the old imperial flag to change to a republican flag
Lots of controversy because the old imperial flag showed military and the old empire
28
During the Golden Age, was there a period of recovery in political stability? What evidence?
- no major assassinations
- votes in the May elections 1928 were 72.8% from pro- Weimar parties
- extremist parties didnt gain mass support
- election of hindenburg
29
During the Golden Age of Weimar, what evidence was there that political stability was superficially promising
- extremist parties were making impacts on the street
- fights between Nazis and KPD
- 6 Weimar governments between 1924 to 1929
- Politicians couldn't cooperate
- Leaders like Brüning preferred authoritarian system
30
When did Ebert die?
28th feb 1925
31
when did hindenburg get elected? With how much % of votes
26th April 1925
48% votes
32
how did conservative forces feel about the republic, and who is involved?
- church leaders, teachers, newspaper editors, industrialists, judges, police
- appointed during Kaisers rule
- disliked taxes
- had major influence which was bad
33
Were generals happy with the republic? why?
disliked army power decreasing
want dictatorship
wanted to exploit links with Russia
Berlin treaty
34
Were teachers happy with the republic and why?
Think democracy make youth undisciplined
Dont like much freedom due to the disrespect given
worried about German values
Thinks government is weak
35
were industrialists happy with the republic and why?
wanted to control workers
couldnt afford higher taxes
wants no rights
prefers capitalism
hate arbitration
36
what was the ruhr lockout
'Ruhr lockout' refuse to open factories, workers wanted higher wages, they wanted to maximise profits
37
were Prussian landowners/junkers happy with the Republic and why?
Farmers rich, gain surplus
Unhappy because they wanted subsidies
They believe Prussia doesn't have a high position
38
how much of anti weimar and pro republican parties vote % did they win in may 1928
anti weimar: 13.3%
pro republic: 72.8%
39
how did the spd develop
- remained largest single party in Reichstag
- only took part in 1 of 6 coalition cabinets
- limited appeal to youth/women, no support amongst farmers, mittlestand
- only support from trade unions, industrial workers
40
how did the centre party develop
- established to defend interests of roman catholic church
- supported by industrialists and workers, farmers, their landlords, professional groups eg teachers
- more flexible than SPD
- vital to success of weimar democracy
- no coalition formed without it
- new leader: bruning less committed to democracy
41
how did the DDP develop - german democratic party
- appeal to academics and professional groups
- committed to democracy
- limited political experience
42
how did the DVP develop - German peoples party
- committed to parliamentary democracy
- participated in all coalition cabinets
- support from academics, industrialists
-leader stresemann from 1924-29 when he died
- shifted to right, promoting interests of big businesses
43
how did the DNVP develop - german national peoples party
- conservative, nationalist, traditional amongst landowners
- mid 1920s, attracted support from industrialists, professional groups
- anti-democratic and nationalist
- wanted monarchy, no TOV
- lost support in 1928
- alliance with nazis in campaign against young plan
44
how did the NSDAP develop
- failure of munich putsch, reorganised after
- hitler wrote mein kampf + decided overthrowing republic wont work
- until 1927, wasnt allowed to speak publicly
45
how many members did the nazi party have by 1927 and deputies
75,000
7 deputies
46
where did the nazis start to concentrate
in rural areas and north of germany
47
how did the nazis do in the 1928 reichstag election
lost 100,000 votes
in some rural areas, vote share was 18%
48
how did the nazis grow since the 1928 election
in oct 1929 , grew to 150,000
took first town council
49
how did the KPD develop
- largest communist party outside of russia
- support in industrial areas, ruhr, saxony, hamburg
- dedicated to overthrow republic
- dictated by communists party in soviet union
50
what did the soviet union instruct the kpd to do
- to throw communist revolution: happened in saxony and hamburg
- after 1924: instructed kpd their main priority was to attack SPD as party that betrayed working class
51
what did the KPD call SPD and the impact
social fascists
concentrated on attacking them rather then countering influence of nazis
created further division in working class, weakened anti nazi forces
52
why was hindenburg elected
symbol of the past
military uniform
war medals
authoritarian views
seen as major step away from parliamentary democracy
53
what did hindenburg focus on in his presidential oath
appealing to parties in reichstag to work with him and restore national unity
54
what was hindenburgs initial role as president
working with parliamentary democracy
stuck closely to weimar constitution
wanted to reconcile anti democratic parties EG DNVP to existence of republic
55
who was Ernst Thalmann
became chairman of KPD in 1925
had been member of SPD but split in 1917
survived assassination attempt in 1922
leader of hamburg uprising
saw SPD as main enemy
56
what were attitudes to the republic from elites
- old elites eg army, civil service, judiciary hostile to democracy
- liked Hindenburg because they thought he would bring old Germany back
