1928-1933: appointment of hitler + nazis & communism Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
why did the Nazis become the largest party in the Reichstag?
A
- Hitler reorganised party after Munich putsch
- Hitlers oratory skills + propaganda
- offered solutions to germany
- gained support from all groups
2
Q
how much of the vote did Nazis get in July 1932?
A
37%
3
Q
why hadnt hitler become chancellor by july 1932?
A
because the Nazis were the largest party but 37% wasn’t enough, he had to obtain a majority in the Reichstag or persuade Hindenburg to appoint him
4
Q
when was Mullers government and who was he apart of?
A
1928-1930
Grand coalition
5
Q
how did mullers government come to power
A
via election which created SPD led coalition governments
had working majority in Reichstag
6
Q
what were Mullers policies and actions
A
- signed Young Plan 1929
- gov divided over whether to increase employment contributions
7
Q
why did the grand coalition fall apart
A
- debate over increasing employment contributions
- SPD arugued employers/workers should bear costs
- DVP argued reliefs should be cut
8
Q
why did mullers government fall in march 1930
A
muller resigned when Hindenburg refused to use article 48 to support his government
last coalition with working majority
9
Q
when was Brunings government ?
A
1930-1932
10
Q
how did Bruning come to power
A
March 1930, Schleicher advised Hindenburg to appoint Bruning as chancellor
11
Q
what were Brunings policies and actions
A
- argued over finance bill
- relied on implementation of presidential decrees
- tried to use worsening economy to rid of reparations
- introduced moderate programme of public works + supported break up of land owners estates for farmers to use
12
Q
what were the reasons for Brunings fall
A
- Schleicher stopped supporting him + disliked Brunings apposition of the nazi party + ban of SA
- lost support from Hindenburg due to land reforms
13
Q
how and when was Bruning dismissed ?
A
- dismissed him in may 1932
- lost vote of no confidence by Reichstag
- president didnt support him anymore
14
Q
when was Papens government?
A
may to December in 1932
15
Q
when and how did Papen come to power
A
- May 1932, Schleicher persuaded Hindenburg to ask Papen to form non party government of ‘national concentration’
16
Q
who was involved in Papens gov ?
A
- elite and barons
- known as ‘cabinet of Barons’
- didnt have members of Reichstag
- papen hoped to gain support from Nazis
17
Q
what happened september 1930?
A
general election called and mass gains by nazis and communists
18
Q
when did bruning ban the SA
A
april 1932
19
Q
what were Papens actions and policies
A
- used emergency powers to depose socialist-led coalition government
- called new elections July 1932
- continued but Reichstag held vote of no confidence on him
20
Q
what happened in July 1932
A
Papen called elections
Extremists further gains
Nazis + communists won over half of Reichstag seats
Hitler demanded being chancellor
21
Q
How did Papens government fall
A
- Reichstag held vote of no confidence on him, dissolved + new elections
- Nazis lost votes, KPD gained
- lost support of Hindenburg, many called for more authoritarian gov + dissolution of Reichstag
22
Q
when was Schleichers government
A
dec 1932 - jan 1933
23
Q
how did schleicher get appointed
A
dec 1932 persuaded hindenburg to dismiss papen + appoint himself as chancellor
made Gregor Strasser Vice Chancellor (nazi)
24
Q
what policies and actions did Schleicher take
A
supported Brunings land reforms which alienated elite
known as ‘agrarian Bolshevism’
25
why did Schleichers gov fall
- papen took revenge against him
- met with Hitler Jan 1933 + made plan hitler would be chancellor with papen as vice chancellor
- favoured by Hindenburgs son Oscar
- Schleicher ruling via decree from Hindenburg
26
when was the appointment of Hitler
16th January 1933
27
how did hitler get appointed
- hindenburg refused to back Schleichers request to rule by decree + suspend further elections
- Himdenburg appointed Hitler after assurance of army + General Von Blomberg agreed to be defence minister
28
who encouraged hindenburg to appoint bruning
schleicher - groeners political advisor
both opposed parliamentary democracy + shows influence of army and authoritarian gov
29
why was bruning unable to pass laws
didnt have support of spd + needed article 48
30
how many killed did the nazis + kpd claimed they had
nazis - 29 of their men killed
kpd - 92 of their men killed
31
how many seats did the nazis have in 1928 compared to 1932
12 in 1928
250 in 1932
32
how much was the nazi vote by november 1932
11 million
33
how many votes are KPD at by november 1932
5 million
34
what was the Fuhrerprinzip?
idea that what hitler says, goes
nobody could go against him so no disputes
35
what are some examples of hitlers communication skills
- defended himself at trials
- speech well received
- tailored propaganda/ messages to his audience
- simple messages
- blamed people + could identify peoples emotions
36
what did hitler decide was the best way of Nazi's gaining power
through electoral powers
gaining votes
propaganda
37
what negative features did hitler have
not that intelligent, lack of understanding
spent time in bed - lazy
only one of his henchmen were aryan
38
what are some examples of hitlers leadership skills
- making sure attention is on him
- refounded party
- reorganised structure, symbols, strategy
- brown uniform and salute created
- nazi flag
39
when did hitler refound the nazi party
feb 1925
40
what did the nazis promise
to restore hope + create national community
Volksgemeinschaft
41
how did nazis promise to solve economic problems
to provide people with work and bread
42
how many laws were passed by reichstag and by decree in 1930
reichstag - 98
by decree - 5
43
how many laws were passed by reichstag and by decree in 1931
reichstag - 34
by decree - 44
44
how many laws were passed by reichstag and by decree in 1932
reichstag - 5
by decree - 66
45
how many deaths were there in 1930 of nazis
17
46
how many deaths were there in 1930 of communists
44
47
how many deaths were there in 1931 of nazis
42
48
how many deaths were there in 1931 of communists
52
49
how many deaths were there in 1932 of nazis
84
50
how many deaths were there in 1932 of communists
75
51
how many men did nazis claim were killed in clashes with KPD
29 men
52
how many supporters of KPD did they claim were killed in
92 supporters
53
what act did bruning issue in december 1931
banned wearing of political uniforms but nazi storm troopers wore white shirts when marching anyway
54
how and when was the nazi SA ban
april 1932
hindenburg persuaded to sign decree outlawing the SA
55
how many members did the SA have by the end of 1932
400,000 members
56
what was the 25 point programme of 1920
lose collection of ideas
official statment of nazi aims in 1933
key themes of nazi propaganda
57
what was the theme of power of will in Mein Kampf
- power of will: nazis see as force for change, strength and discipline of Nazi stormtroopers + the unity
58
what was the theme of struggle and war in Mein Kampf
- struggle, violence and war were the heart of nazi thinkig/actions
- hitler said struggle and conflict between races was natural order of things
- believed war would reconstruct german society
- glorifed army -courage, loyalty, self sacrifice
59
what was the theme of racial community in Mein Kampf
- People's community
- only aryans could be part of the state
- others denied rights of citizenship
- would be no social classes
- all would work for good of nation
- to create 'new man and woman'
- wanted it based on "blood and soil"
60
what was the theme of national socialism in Mein Kampf
- adopted title NSDAP to appeal to working class
- points laid out 25 point programme
- similar to anti capitalist policies of communists/socialists
- hitler wanted support of businessmen
61
what businessmen did hitler want the support of
hugenberg and fritz thyssen
62
what was the role of Fuhrerprinzip
- hitler wanted to destroy weimar republic because it was weak
- seen as ineffective to Germanys traditions
- believed democracy grew communism
- agreed with stab in the back
- hitler had supreme control over policy and strategy
63
what speech did hitler make about democracy
that democracy isnt german it was jewish
64
what was aggressive nationalism and what were hitlers 3 aims
- reverse humiliation of treaty of versailles - described it as "unlimited blackmail" "shameful humiliation
- establish a greater german reich: all germans would live within the borders
- secure "lebensraum", to settle its people and provide it with raw materials to sustain power
65
what was the role of anti-semitism
- hitler saw jews as responsible for all problems
- held responsible for evil of capitalism
-
66
what were the roles of hitlers oral skills
by 1929, had undisputed control over nazi party and leadership cult surrounded him
- speeches were hours long and full of lies
- hypnotic effect
67
how did the nazis use jews in their propaganda
- portrayed them as responsible for economic and political problems
- shopkeepers and small business owners believed their problems caused by Jewish capitalism
- many focused more on propaganda of work and bread
68
what and how many businessmen did hitler address in january 1932
- addressed 650 businessmen in the industry club in Dusseldorf
- didnt mention jews once
- shows it was adopted to the audience
69
what did some nazi speakers openly encourage
hostility against jews accusing them of economic problems
70
what effect did the expansion of SA have on anti-semitism
- encouraged anti-semitism
- would beat up jews in the street
- antisemitism was rarely the reason for people join the SA
71
how many mass meetings were in january 1932, what were they about
16 mass meetings
all about unemployment
72
what does nazi propaganda show during 1931-32
overwhelming concentration on economic issues with very little emphasis on anti-semitism
73
who was Joseph Goebbels
- reich propaganda chief from 1928
- very loyal to hitler
- Nazi party leader in berlin, founded his own newspaper
- experience of writing novels, plays - communication skills
- provoked battles with left wing
74
what was the role of nazi propaganda
- hitler had support of Hugenberg, and Thyssen , hitler able to travel by air and car to make speeches in all main cities
- nazis had their own newspapers
- published posters, leaflets, film shows, staged rallies
- nazi marches, banners, songs, bands
75
what was the appeal of communism
- significant growing force
- built strong presence in factories, workshops, trade union memberships
- set up committees of unemployed
- staged hunger marches
- against benefit cuts
- frequent battles - Red Front Fighters League vs SA
76
how many votes did KPD gain in reichstag elections between 1928 and july 1932
2 million
77
how much did KPDs membership increase from 1929 to 1932
- 117,000 in 1929
- 136,000 in 1932
78
what did KPD try do with the youth
- Wanted cooperation with wild cliques of working class youths into communist led campaigns
- against police, reform schools, labour exchanges
79
what was the idealogy of KPD
- demanding end to cuts in employment benefits
- legalisation of abortion
- advocated cooperation with USSR
- end of military spending
- workers state established
- replace SPD
80
strengths of KPD
- communist propaganda: speeches of Thalmann and posters
- emphasised class struggle, appeal to unemployed
- "bread and freedom" slogan"
-
81
examples of KPD propaganda
- images of capitalists being smashed with hammers wielded by workers
- about links with USSR
- attacked SPD
82
what were the weaknesses of KPD
- never close to launching successful revolution
- membership turnover very high, more than 50% of new members in 1932 left within a few months
- failed to attract support outside industrial areas
- limited appeal amongst women
- high proportion of members unemployed, KPD short of money
