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ape unit 6 > 6.4 > Flashcards

6.4 Flashcards

1
Q

New Products of Second Industrial Revolution

A
  • steel
  • chemicals
  • electricity
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2
Q

Steel

A
  • new methods of rolling and shaping steel –> more steel produced than iron
  • this was one product that Britain no longer produced the most
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3
Q

Chemicals

A

Britain fell behind in this industry as well (producing alkalies, new organic chemical compounds)

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4
Q

Electricity

A
  • importance —> converted into other forms of energy
  • importance–> move over wires
  • electricity found—> generators —> single power distribution system for houses, shops etc… (plants)
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5
Q

Thomas Edison

A

-invented light bulb

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6
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

-invented telephone

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7
Q

Guglielmo Marconi

A

-sent first radio waves across Atlantic

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8
Q

Effects of electricity

A
  • inventions
  • electricity first used for lightning –> now for transportation (subway, streetcars)
  • factories –> machines powered by electricity and located anywhere
  • 1st IR: coal is major source of energy –> 2nd IR: electricity –> cities that originally fell behind if they didn’t have coal, DID NOT!
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9
Q

The Internal Combustion Engine

A
  • first one–> couldn’t be used as a widespread source of power
  • liquid fuels (petroleum) developed –> oil-fired engine
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10
Q

Effects of Internal combustion Engine on the Automobile

A
  • light engine (daimler) invented –> automobile
  • americans took the lead in production
  • Henry Ford
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11
Q

Effects of Internal combustion Engine on the airplane

A

-zeppelin started it –> wright brothers (gasoline engine)

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12
Q

Daimler

A

-invented light engine

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13
Q

Henry Ford

A

-an AMERICAN who led the production of automobiles with his Model T

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14
Q

Wright Brothers

A

-made first flight in a plane powered by A GASOLINE ENGINE

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15
Q

New Markets in the Second Industrialization Revolution

A
  • foreign markets have a lot of competition –> go to domestic markets
  • population increase after 1870–> rise in national incomes
  • lower transportation costs –> price of food and goods go down —> able to spend more on products
  • steel and electricity industries –> make production easier –> produce more products to sell –> mass marketing
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16
Q

Mass Marketing

A

-steel and electricity industries –> make production easier –> produce more products to sell –> mass marketing

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17
Q

Tariffs in the Second INdustrial Revolution

A
  • reaction to new markets
  • importance of domestic markets and competition for foreign market –> tariffs which guarantee domestic markets be the only market
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18
Q

Cartels

A
  • reaction to new markets
  • companies worked together to control prices –> no longer have reduced prices because of competitions
  • popular in GERMANY
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19
Q

Larger Factories

A
  • reaction from cartels
  • growing factories –> pressure for great efficiency in factory production
  • solution was mechanization of transport within plants (electric cranes ) and interchangeable parts
  • interchangeable parts led to assembly line for production
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20
Q

New Patterns in an Industrial Economy

A

great depression

  • german industrial leadership
  • need for scientific and technological education
  • european economic zones
  • new patterns for European agriculture
  • spread of industrialization (russia and japan)
  • a world economy
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21
Q

Great Depression from 1873-1895

A

-prices fell and slumps in the business cycle reduced profits

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22
Q

British leadership

A
  • had established industrial plants —> difficult to shift to new techniques of 2IR
  • suspicious of innovations –> reluctant to invest in new stuf
  • not willing to encourage formal scientific and technical education
23
Q

german industrial leadership

A
  • later member of revolution –> built latest and most efficient plants
  • cartels –> encouraged banks to provide money for investment
  • they encouraged formal scientific and technical education
  • their leadership in industry altered european balance of power
24
Q

Need for Scientific and Technical Education

A
  • newer fields of industrial activity –> required more scientific knowledge
  • invest in equipment for research or consultants
25
Q

European Economic Zones #1

A
  • Great Britain, Belgium, France, netherlands, Germany, western part of Austro-Hungarian Empire, northern Italy
  • high standard of living, decent systems of transportation, healthy and educated populations
26
Q

European Economic Zones #2

A
  • southern italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, Balkan kingdoms, Russia
  • backward, little industrialized area, largely agricultural, controlled by other countries who used them as sources of food and raw materials
27
Q

New Patterns for European agriculture

A
  • a lot of grain available + lower transportation costs –>
  • labor was scarce and expensive –> use machines to harvest
  • specialize in other food products
  • chemical fertilizers
28
Q

Spread of Industrialization

A

-it happened in Russia and Japan

29
Q

Spread of Industrialization in Japan

A
  • government took lead in promoting industry
  • people feeing countryside to cities –> cheap labor
  • people worked in horrible conditions
30
Q

A World Economy

A
  • economic developments + transportation revolution (railroads, marine) —> world economy
  • capital invested abroad + high rates of return–> encourage and spread world economy
  • foreign countries are basically SURPLUS markets
31
Q

Opposition to allow Women To Work in factories

A
  • reinforced ideology of domesticity that women should remain at home
  • some argued that keeping them out ensured the moral and physical well-being of families
32
Q

Piece-workers

A
  • since women couldn’t work in factories, when money was needed in the family, they were forced to work there
  • not require few skill or equipment –> done at home
  • paid poorly and long hours
33
Q

White-collar jobs

A
  • larger industrial plants + expansion of government services —> white collar jobs
  • increase in demand for white collar workers + low wages + shortage of male workers —> hired women
  • teachers and nurses were also needed
  • they required few skills
34
Q

Effect of White-collar jobs

A
  • for some, these jobs offered freedom from domestic patterns that were expected, but it was limited (didn’t have a great education as men)
  • for some, it was to escape the dirty work of lower-class
35
Q

Prostitution

A
  • employment was unstable + wages were lower –> only option was prostitution
  • government put in Contagious Diseases Act (example of regulating) and some people acted against it, like Butler
36
Q

Josephine Butler

A
  • protested against the Contagious Diseases Act
  • called “shrieking sisters”
  • ”why should women be punished, instead of men”
37
Q

The Angel in the House

A
  • the ideal middle class women
  • important role –> family’s moral guardian
  • expected to supervise domestics, manage household, direct children’s education
  • rising standards of living –> marry at younger age
  • rise of cost of child-rearing —> decline in size of middle-class families
38
Q

Struggle for Legal and Political Rights

A
  • law codes in most european countries gave women few legal rights
  • divorce was legalized in britain and france
  • catholic countries (spain and italy) did not permit it
  • women’s suffrage movement gave attention –> no success
39
Q

Organizing the Working Class

A
  • socialist parties
  • the role of trade unions
  • anarchist alternative
  • desire to improve working stuff– > first half of 19th century —> trade unions
  • desire to improve working stuff– > late 19th century –> political parties and labor unions
40
Q

Socialist Parties

A
  • german social democratic party (SPD)
  • France had marxist and socialist parties, but they all just formed into one that was mostly marxist
  • people wanted an “international organization that would strengthen their position against international capitalism”
41
Q

SPD/ German Social Democratic Party

A

Liebknecht and Bebel create SPD and used MARXIST ideas

  • competed for elections in Reichstag (german parliament) –> success –>
  • also worked to put in legislature to improve condition of working class
42
Q

Jean Jaures

A
  • socialist

- looked to french revolutionary tradition (not marxist) to justify revolutionary socialism

43
Q

Wilhelm Liebknecht

A

-created SPD with Bebel

44
Q

August Bebel

A

-created SPD with Liebknecht

45
Q

International Socialism

A
  • people wanted an “international organization that would strengthen their position against international capitalism” (second international)
  • this was a fail because of evolutionary socialism / revisionism and nationalism
46
Q

evolutionary socialism / revisionism/ Bernstein

A
  • it had not broken down, but matured
  • middle class is expanding
  • proletariat was improving (standard of living)
  • workers must organize into political parties and work together
  • evolution by democratic means and gradual
  • SPD like it and other german socialists parites
47
Q

orthodox marxist

A
  • accepted likely to occur collapse of capitalism
  • accepted the need for socialist ownership of means of production
  • middle class is declining
  • proletariat was sinking further down
  • emphasized class struggle and revolution
  • evolution by revolution because the conditions will be so bad that the workers will want to revolt
  • german and french socialists didn’t like revisionism
48
Q

Problems of Nationalism

A
  • another problem for international socialism
  • socialist wanted people to be united (despite different nationalities)
  • but “socialist parties varied from country to country and remained tied to political concerns and issues”
49
Q

Trade Unions

A
  • won the right to strike –> started to create trade unions
  • striking was important
  • the trade unions on the continent (france and germany) weren’t as fast as britain (luddites etc..)
50
Q

Trade Unions in France

A

-closely tied to socialism –> splintering –> create national organization —> failed

51
Q

Trade Unions in Germany

A
  • most were socialist
  • strikes and bargaining got sucess –> use revolution for improvements
  • started to grow and more successful
52
Q

The Anarchist Alternative

A

-trade unions and political parties became less radical –> less revolutions –> move from Marxism to anarchism

53
Q

Anarchism

A
  • believed people are good and been corrupted by government –> need to abolish current one
  • originally non-violent –> then , in 2nd half of 19th century, started to become RADICAL
54
Q

Michael Bakunin

A

-thought groups of revolutionaries could use so much violence that state would disintegrate

ape unit 6 (8 decks)

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