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Endo Exam 2 > Breast Histology, Mammogenesis and Lactation > Flashcards

Breast Histology, Mammogenesis and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

mammary gland

A

branching duct system
glandular epithelium
surrounding myoepithelial cells

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2
Q

gland of mamma

A 
compound tubulo-alveolar gland
gland elements
duct elements
subQ CT stroma
all line in bed of adipose tissue
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3
Q

skin of nipple and areola

A

stratified squamous epithelium, dry

no hair follicles, tall dermal papillae

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4
Q

melanocytes

A

darker pigmentation of nipple and areola

increase during pregnancy

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5
Q

nipple and areola

A

underlying dense irregular CT
abundant elastic fibers attach to nipples

sebaceous empty on surface and into ducts

numerous meissners and pacinian corpuscles
-2 point sensory input

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6
Q

ducts of nipple

A

tubular alveolar duct system
10-25 excretory ducts terminate in nipple
each duct drains individual lobe
ducts expand at nipple - lactiferous sinus

each ductule of system leads to lobule

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7
Q

lobule

A

functional unit of gland

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8
Q

duct epithelium

A

ductules originate at secretory alveoli

cuboidal to columnar epithelium

also layer of myoepithelial cells

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9
Q

distal alveolar duct cells

A

may become secretory

-during lactation

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10
Q

cells bound by

A

tight junctions
gap junctions - coordination of contraction
desmosomes

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11
Q

lactiferous sinus

A

become reservoir for breast milk

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12
Q

lactiferous alveoli

A

clusters surround alveolar ductule
-simple columnar epithelium
rough ER, golgi, secretion granules

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13
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

surround alveoli

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14
Q

stroma

A

dense irregular to loose irregular

  • interlobular - dense
  • intralobular - loose (so they can expand)
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15
Q

interlobular CT

A

dense separates lobes and lobules

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16
Q

intralobular CT

A

loose
surrounds and separates alveoli
allows expansion

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17
Q

adipose tissue

A

source of lipid for milk production

-becomes depleted during lactation

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18
Q

innervation

A

superficial - areola and nipple - sensory

myoepithelial not innervated

  • activated by endocrine hormones
  • oxytocin - milk ejection
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19
Q

myoepithelial cell innervation

A

NOPE!
hormone control
primary - oxytocin

released at childbirth

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20
Q

mammogenesis

A

6th week gestation - mammary ridges from ectoderm

development under influence of prenatal estrogen

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21
Q

pre-pubescent mammary gland

A

nipple
areola
primitive duct system

same in male and female

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22
Q

mammary gland at puberty

A

further grow and branch duct system
elaborates under influence of estrogen

alveoli develop under influence of progesterone

adipose increase
CT proliferation

luteal phase - further duct and alveoli development
-estrogen and progesterone

full mammary development requires other hormones

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23
Q

estrogen

A

elaborates duct system

24
Q

progesterone

A

elaborates alveoli development

25
Q

mammogenic

A

cell proliferation

26
Q

lactogenic

A

milk production

27
Q

galactokinetic

A

promote contraction of myoepithelial

-milk ejection

28
Q

galactopoietic

A

maintain milk production after it has been established

29
Q

lobuloalveolar growth

A 
estrogen
progesterone
PRL
GH
cortisol
30
Q

lactogenic hormones

A 
PRL
hCS
cortisol
insulin
thyroid

withdrawal of E and P

31
Q

galactokinetic homrones

A

oxytocin

little bit vasopresin

32
Q

galactopoietic hormones

A

PRL - primary

cortisol

33
Q

breast cancer

A

75% have estrogen receptors
-may also coexpress progesterone receptors

postmenopausal vs. premenopausal Tx differences

34
Q

postmenopausal

A

aromatase inhibitor

35
Q

premenopausal

A

tamoxifen - breast antagonist

36
Q

estrogen and progesterone

A

increase as pregnancy progresses

stimulate mammogenesis

37
Q

prolactin

A

secreted by anterior pituitary throughout pregnancy

mammogenic and lactogenic

38
Q

hCS and hPL

A

similar to PRL and GH
produced by placenta

lactogenic

39
Q

end of pregnancy

A

breasts fully developed but milk production suppressed except for small amount of colostrum
-inhibited by high E and P during pregnancy

40
Q

oxytocin

A

during parturition - uterine contractions
-cervical distension positive feedback

promotes milk ejection

positive feedback - suckling, anticipation of nursing, audiovisual stimuli

41
Q

four stages of lactation

A

milk synthesis
lactogenesis
galactopoiesis
milk ejection

42
Q

milk synthesis

A

initiated by PRl and hPL - later pregnancy

43
Q

lactogenesis

A

after birth by loss of placental steroids

44
Q

galactopoiesis

A

maintained by PRL - increases with infant sucking

45
Q

colostrum

A

lots of IgG to baby
also nutrients, fat, antibodies

initial fluid before milk comes in

46
Q

PRL

A

maintained at higher levels by suckling

47
Q

after parturition

A

drop in estrogen and progesterone

PRL has intermittent secretions - pulses
-response to suckling

48
Q

oxytocin source

A

posterior pituitary

49
Q

inhibition of oxytocin

A

negative maternal emotions

50
Q

suckling reflex

A

activates afferent - breast - spinal cord - hypothalamus

1 first - inhibition of inhibition

  • so it inhibits dopamine (which normally (-) PRL)
  • so we have PRL synthesis

2 also stimulation of oxytocin release

3 also inhibitory of GnRH - decrease FSH and LH

  • inhibits ovarian cycle
  • promote amenorrhea during breast feeding
51
Q

human milk

A

fats in aqueous solution
sugar - lactose
protein - lactalbumin and casein
K, Ca, Na, Cl, P

highest calories

52
Q

cows milk

A

3x protein - high casein
higher electrolyte concentration

harder for newborn to digest - bc of casein high

53
Q

colostrum

A

has high cell content

macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes

54
Q

breast milk immunity

A

IgA
WBCs
growth factors

55
Q

benefits of breast feeding

A

baby - reduced infection, increased grwoth, decreased obesity, positive effect on mental development

momma - rapid and sustained weight loss, lactational amenorrhea, psych benefits, cost effective

Endo Exam 2 (17 decks)

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