1947-67: Relations with indigenous people Flashcards
(22 cards)
Factors for nationalism
Legacy of war
Economic and social discontent
Ethnic and religious rivalries
Charismatic and Western-educated leaders
Mass political parties
Decolonisation in South Africa
1910 became dominion
Left in 1931 to become dominion
1948 Afrikaner Nationalist party come to power
1951 Bantu Authorities Act
Sharpeville Massacre 1960
1961, South Africa vote to leave commonwealth
What was the 1951 Bantu Authorities Act
Create homeland for Black South Africans
Bantustans given manmade homes to live on. These were poor quality of land and were controlled by passbook
What was the Sharpeville Massacre 1960
In 1960 there was a peaceful protest that turned violent as South African policemen fired onto protestors
69 people killed, 180 wounded
After this, ANC + Mandela began to advocate more violent methods
When did South Africa leave the commonwealth
In 1961 voted to become a republic and leave the commonwealth.
1962 Mandela captures and accused of plotting to overthrow government
1964: Found guilty and sentenced life in prison
What happened in Central Africa
The CAF organisation was made
Why was the CAF organisation made
To counterbalance the South African influence in the region
Made up of Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Made in 1953
What was the CAF
Organisation of 3 territories with protection for African rights
Britain had ability to veto any legislation + limit Afrikaner representation
How did the CAF deal with nationalism
It repressed as many nationalist did not trust CAF. Leading to them being arrested and imprisoned
When and Why did Britain decide decolonisation necessary
By the end of 1950s as it was not working.
Easier for Britain to leave
Why was progress to independence more violent in East Africa
East Africa had better economic growth which brought urbanisation as well as more political awareness
How did Br initially view East Africa
Saw region as ideal for economic development to develop large-dollar earning exports
What was Tanganyika ground nut scheme
In 1946 Br had a shortage of cooking fats.
So Britain used Tanganyika to grow peanuts to process into cooking oil
Britain did large investments for railway + equipment
But the terrain was not usable
Abandoned in 1951
Cost £49 million and led to the land becoming a dust bowl
What was Br relation with Eastern Africa
Worsening relations as failed schemes led the peasants to support the nationalists
What happened in Kenya
There was a Mau Mau uprising 1952-1956
Course of the Mau Mau uprising
Initiated by ethnic group Kikuyu who grew to include different ethnic groups in Kenya
Many frustration over land as stolen by Br settlers
Africans who had the fertile lands removed
Initial attempts at peaceful negotiation fail so became more violent
Mau Mau became a source of inspiration
Br concerned so jailed leader of Mau Mau
State of emergency declared. Oct 1952 - Dec 1959
Consequence of the Mau Mau uprsining
Led to Tanganyika independence as Tanzania in 1961
Uganda in 1962
Kenya in 1963
What happened in the Gold Coast 1946 to 1957
1946 Burns constitution written in Gold Coast
Creation of Legislative council but power still in Br
CPP founded by Kwame Nkrumah in 1949 and the legislative council enlarged
1950 Nkrumah locked up. CPP given seats in legislative council.
1952 Burns releases Nkrumah and given Prime Minister
1956 Plebiscite given to unify Gold Coast and Togoland
1957 Independent 6th March 1957
What happened in Nigeria 1946 to 1960
1946 Richards Constitution where Nigerians had little representation in government
There was nationalist pressure
1951 Macpherson Constitution expand African representation
Concession of political parties
1954 More political concessions
1959 Federal election in 1959
1960 Independence and Br leaves
What happened in Burma 1947-1967
Jan 1947 talks for independence with Aung San and Attlee
1947 Aung San assassinated
AFPFL wanted nationalism
1948 January independence
led to a civil war
Burma rejected Commonwealth
What happened in Singapore 1947-1965
Had a large Chinese population with lots of Br military resources
During 1947 and 1948 had own government but only Br subjects could vote
Gov of Singapore struggle to contain Communism
Attempts at appeasements by enlarging the Council
1955 elections SPP only won 3 sets. New left-wing parties emerged
Wanted to discuss with Br for self rule
Lim Yew Hock convinced Br in 1957 self-government while island remains in the empire
1959 Lee Kuan Yew came to power and in 1963 became Federation of Malaya
Failed so in 1965 Singapore expelled and became fully independent
What happened in the Malay Peninsula 1947-1963
Had ethnic tensions with large Chinese population
Form UMNO in 1946 for Malay people
Chinese represented by MCA
1945-1948 Chinese strikes
Br abandon plan for Malay Union have Malay citizenship and Singapore kept separate Crown Colony
1947 Br new scheme with more restricted definition of Malay citizenship
1948 create Federation of Malaya
Had problems so led to State of Emergency
1951 Sir Henry Gurney assassinated
1952 order restored as Br thought had Malaya secure
Br promise Malay independence backed the MCA
Malays + Chinese work together to out Br
1955 Reid Commission for new independent Malaya with Br having some military presence
1963 combined with Singapore but 2 years later Singapore is expelled
