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Anatomy Lecture > 1C Skeletal System > Flashcards

1C Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal System

A

System of the body, which forms a solid framework around which the body is built

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2
Q

Functions of Skeletal System

A
  • Structural support of the body
  • Attachment fro skeletal muscles (origin, insertion)
  • Protection of certain vital organs
    ex: brain by skull and heart and lungs by thoracic cage
  • Manufacture certain blood cells: hemopoiesis (red bone marrow)
  • Storage of certain chemical substances (calcium, phosphate)
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3
Q

Long bone

A

A bone in which the length exceeds the width, and is characterized by having a medullary (marrow) canal
ex: humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula

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4
Q

Short bone

A

A bone in which the length equals the width

ex: carpal bones

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5
Q

Flat bone

A

A bone expanded into 1 plane

ex: scapula

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6
Q

Irregular bone

A

A bone that does not fit into any of the other 3 categories

ex: vertebrae

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7
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Part of the skeleton that occupies the central axis of the body

  1. Skull and hyoid (23)
  2. Vertebral column ( 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 saccrum, 1 coccyx = 26)
  3. Ribs and Sternum (12 pairs of ribs + sternum) = 25
  4. Bones of the middle ear (6, 3 per side)
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8
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Part of the skeleton that comprises the appendages

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9
Q

Bones of the upper limb (64)

A
  1. Clavicle: collar bone
  2. Scapula: shoulder blade
  3. Humerus: arm
  4. Ulna and radius: forearm
  5. 8 carpal bones: wrist
  6. 5 metacarpal bones: forming the palms
  7. Fourteen phalanges: fingers (28 total)
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10
Q

Bones of the lower limb (62)

A
  1. Hip bone
  2. Femur: thigh
  3. Patella
  4. Tibia an Fibula: leg
  5. 7 tarsal bones: ankle (14 total)
  6. 5 Metatarsal bones: foot
  7. 14 phalanges
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11
Q

Total Number of Bones

A

206

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12
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

Bone located in tendons

*aside from 206 bones

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13
Q

Ectopic bone

A

Pathological bone formation within tissue

*aside from bone formation within tissue

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14
Q

Epiphysis

A

The two ends of the long bone, which are wider than the shaft and take part in the formation of a joint

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15
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the long bone

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16
Q

Compact bone

A

Laid down in concentric layers making it appear solid

  1. Forms the outer surface of all bones
  2. Thicker in Diaphysis (shaft) and thinner in the Epiphysis (ends)
17
Q

Spongy bone

A

Composed of very thin plates of bone at various angles, leaving spaces between them

18
Q

Periosteum

A

Connective tissue sheath composed of two layers

  1. Outerlayer: tough fibrous layer that serves as a place of insertion for muscle tendons
  2. Inner layer: delicate cellular layer responsible for producing growth in the diameter of bone
19
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin, cellular layer found lining the medullary cavity and the cavities of spongy bone

  1. Its primary function is to destroy bone, thus allowing for growth in the diameter of the marrow cavity, which prevents bone from becoming too solid and heavy as it increases in size
20
Q

Medullary (marrow) cavity

A

Cavity running the length of the diaphysis that contains either red marrow (blood cells), yellow marrow (fat cells), or combinations of the two.

21
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface of each epiphysis

  1. Resiliency of this material cushions the joint during movement
22
Q

Articular capsule

A

Connects together the 2 bones and completely encircles the joint, thus enclosing a cavity hat is called the joint cavity or synovial cavity

  1. Outer fibrous layer: continuous with the periosteum of bone
  2. An inner layer: lines the inside of the fibrous layer
    - Also called synovial membrane
    - Vascular and produces synovial fluid that fills the joint cavity, lubricates the joint, and nourishes the articular cartilage
23
Q

Epiphyseal disc

A
  • In puberty of a growing child, it is a cartilaginous plated
  • Located at the junction of epiphysis and diaphysis that allows for growth in the length of bone
24
Q

Metaphysis

A

Spongy bone tissue located at the junction of the diaphysis and the epiphyseal disc

-In adults, the bony tissue of the metaphysis is continuous with the epiphysis

25
Q

Cartilage

A

A tough connective tissue, which is composed of cells embedded in a firm, gel-like intercellular substance

26
Q

Cartilage 1-6

A
  1. It is not as hard as bone, and exhibits some degree of flexibility
  2. It is called gristle by laymen
  3. It lacks nerves
  4. It lacks blood vessels
    • Nutrients diffuse through the intercellular substance
  5. The entire embryo skeleton is initially cartilage, but is replaced by bone during growth (ossification)
  6. The classification of cartilage is via the histologic appearance of the intercellular matrix
27
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Glass-like, translucent appearance

ex:
- Embryo skeleton
- Epiphyseal discs
- Articular cartilages
- Costal cartilages (between ribs and sternum)
- Larynx, trachea, and bronchi (respiratory)
- Nasal cartilages

28
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Interpubic disc (symphysis pubis)

- Intervertebreal discs (between adjacent vertebrae)

29
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • Auricle (part of external ear)
  • Auditory tube (connects ear and pharynx)
  • Epiglottis (flap that keeps food from entering lungs)

Anatomy Lecture (10 decks)

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