1st & 2nd Year Histology

Question 1

how to identify macrophage on histology

Answer 1

pale purple, big

Question 2

how to identify lymphocyte on histology

Answer 2

well defined small purple circle, chronic inflam

Question 3

how to identify eosinophil on histology

Answer 3

pink, large, bi-lobed nucleus (dark purple), granular

Question 4

how to identify neutrophil on histology

Answer 4

multinucleate (purple nuclei in 3-5 segments) pink cells

Question 5

how to identify basophil on histology

Answer 5

bi-lobed nucleus, big purple, granular

Question 6

how to classify epithelial cells by shape

Answer 6

squamous epithelium: flat shape
columnar epithelium: square ish shape
cuboidal epithelium: column shaped

Question 7

how to classify epithelial cells by stacking

Answer 7

simple: single layer
stratified: multiple cell layers
pseudo-stratified: appear in layers but not
transitional: between cuboidal and stratified

Question 8

how to identify natural killer cells on histology

Answer 8

google it

Question 9

what is a polymorph cell

Answer 9

neutrophil

Question 10

what is the cell of acute inflammation

Answer 10

neutrophil

Question 11

what is the cell of chronic inflammation

Answer 11

lymphocyte

Question 12

what cell is described as being kidney bean shape

Answer 12

macrophages

Question 13

what type of epithelium is normal skin

Answer 13

stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

Question 14

what type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium

Answer 14

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 15

what type of epithelium is the endothelium

Answer 15

simple squamous epithelium

Question 16

name the type of cell junctions and functions of each

Answer 16

communicating aka gap: allow selected diffusion between cells
anchoring: for mechanical strength
tight aka occluding: join epithelial cells lateral edges

Question 17

name the 3 types of anchoring junctions and functions of each

Answer 17

desmosome: anchor cells together in tissues that stretch
hemidesmosome: attach cell to ECM
adherens: involve actin

Question 18

where are neutrophils produced

Answer 18

bone marrow

Question 19

what is a monocyte

Answer 19

macrophage precursor

Question 20

how to identify a monocyte on histology

Answer 20

dark kidney bean with pale background

Question 21

where are lymphocytes produced

Answer 21

bone marrow

Question 22

where do t cells differentiate

Answer 22

thymus

Question 23

how to identify erythrocyte on histology

Answer 23

pale pink circle with paler centre, no nucleus

Question 24

what is the commonest type of leukocyte

Answer 24

neutrophil

Question 25

what are agranulocytes

Answer 25

1 lobed nucleus; lymphocyte and monocytes

Question 26

how to identify platelet on histology

Answer 26

very small, purple, no nucleus

Question 27

how are platelets formed

Answer 27

in bone marrow as extension of megakaryocyte

Question 28

what is the term for bone development

Answer 28

haemopoiesis

Question 29

what are the 3 layers of a blood vessel

Answer 29

inner tunica intima middle tunica media outer tunica adventitia

Question 30

what are elastic arteries

Answer 30

largest arteries in the body

Question 31

what are arterioles formed of

Answer 31

smooth muscle, only tunica media

Question 32

what are capillaries formed of

Answer 32

endothelial cells; basal lamina

Question 33

what are venules formed of

Answer 33

smooth muscle, only tunica media

Question 34

what are the valves in veins formed of

Answer 34

extension of tunica intima

Question 35

what is the thickest layer of veins

Answer 35

tunica adventitia

Question 36

what are the layers of the digestive tract

Answer 36

Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae) Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa or adventitia

Question 37

what are the 4 tissue types

Answer 37

epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, nervous tissue

Question 38

what is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

Answer 38

endocrine: secrete at basal end into vascular system exocrine: secrete at apical end into duct/body surface/lumen

Question 39

what are the 3 types of connective tissue

Answer 39

soft, hard, blood

Question 40

what is the process of endocytosis

Answer 40

material from ECF incorporated into cell in endocytotic vesicle (endosome)

Question 41

what is exocytosis

Answer 41

reverse process of endocytosis

Question 42

what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 42

protein synthesis & initiates glycoprotein formation

Question 43

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 43

continues processing from RER, cholesterol & lipid synthesis/ detoxification

Question 44

why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum described as rough

Answer 44

studded with ribosomes

Question 45

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

Answer 45

modification & packaging of vesicles from SER

Question 46

what are lysosomes

Answer 46

hydrolytic enzymes of intracellular digestion

Question 47

what is the structure of a nucleus

Answer 47

enclosed by nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, outer membrane studded with ribosomes

Question 48

what is euchromatin

Answer 48

DNA actively undergoing transcription

Question 49

what is heterochromatin

Answer 49

condensed DNA not undergoing transcription

Question 50

where are ribosomes formed

Answer 50

nucleolus

Question 51

what are functions of the ribosome subunits

Answer 51

small subunit binds RNA, large subunit forms peptide bonds

Question 52

what is the function of tight junctions

Answer 52

join lateral edges of epithelial cells near their lumenal apical membranes

Question 53

where are gap junctions found

Answer 53

smooth & cardiac muscle

Question 54

what is the function of a desmosome

Answer 54

anchor cells together in tissues that stretch

Question 55

what is the function of a hemidesmosome

Answer 55

link submembrane cells to ECF via transmembrane proteins

Question 56

generally what kind of mucosa is where food goes or in high use areas

Answer 56

squamous

Question 57

generally what kind of mucosa is where air goes

Answer 57

columnar