Throat Anatomy Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
what is the posterior boundary of the oral cavity
A
oropharynx
2
Q
what is the superior border of the oral cavity
A
hard palate and soft palate
3
Q
what is the anterior border of the oral cavity
A
upper and lower teeth
4
Q
what is the inferior border of the oral cavity
A
floor of mouth/tongue
5
Q
what muscles are the muscles of the floor of the mouth
A
mylohyoid, geniohyoid, anterior belly of digastric
6
Q
what is the anterior surface of the tongue
A
ventral surface; when lifting tongue up
7
Q
what surface anatomy can be seen on the floor of the mouth
A
sublingual papillae, lingual vein, L/R sublingual folds, frenulum
8
Q
what are the sublingual papillae
A
opening of submandibular salivary glands ducts
9
Q
what causes a tongue tie
A
frenulum too short; binds tongue to gingivae of lower incisors
10
Q
name the major salivary gland pairs
A
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
11
Q
what type of salivary glands are responsible for basal secretions
A
minor salivary glands
12
Q
where are the minor salivary glands
A
oral mucosa of lips, cheeks, palate
13
Q
where is the parotid gland
A
anterior/inferior to ear
14
Q
is the parotid gland normally palpable
A
no
15
Q
where is the submandibular gland
A
inferior to mandible
16
Q
is the submandibular gland normally palpable
A
yes
17
Q
where is the sublingual gland
A
under floor of mouth
18
Q
is the sublingual gland normally palpable
A
no
19
Q
what is the supply to the parotid gland
A
parasympathetic secretomotor CNIX
20
Q
what is the supply to the submandibular gland
A
chorda tympani parasympathetic secretomotor supply
21
Q
what is the supply to the sublingual gland
A
chorda tympani CNVII supply
22
Q
where is the duct of the parotid gland
A
crosses masseter, pierces buccinator to open on parotid papillae of buccal mucosa
23
Q
where is the duct of the submandibular gland
A
opens on sublingual papillae
24
Q
where is the duct of the sublingual gland
A
opens on sublingual fold
25
what type of muscle is the tongue made of
skeletal
26
what is the sensory supply to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
sensory CNV3, special sensory CNVII chorda tympani
27
what is the sensory supply to the posterior tongue
CNIX
28
what parts of the tongue are located within the oral cavity
only anterior 2/3
29
where is the foramen ceacum
midline depression at apex of terminal groove of tongue
30
what is the embryological significance of the foramen caecum
origin of thyroid gland
31
what type of mucosa are on the tongue
lingual mucosa
32
what is the function of the vallate papillae
taste buds
33
name the papillae of the tongue
vallate, foliate, fungiform, filiform
34
what are the possible embryological abnormalities of the thyroid gland
thyroglossal duct cysts or ectopic location
35
where are thyroglossal duct cysts
anywhere on path of descent from foramen caecum to thyroid
36
how can you tell if a lump in the neck is part of the thyroid
thyroid lumps move with the larynx on swallowing
37
whats the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles
intrinsic are within the tongue
38
what is the function of the extrinsic tongue muscles
change tongue position
39
name the extrinsic tongue muscles and where they originate
palatoglossus (palate), styloglossus (styloid process), hyoglossus (hyoid), genioglossus (mandible)
40
what is the function of the intrinsic tongue muscles
change tongue shape
41
where does CNXII attach to the CNS
rootlets at medulla oblongata
42
what is the intracranial path of CNXII
anteriorly towards hypoglossal canal
43
which bone is the hypoglossal canal a part of
occipital bone
44
what is the extracranial path of CNXII
descends lateral to carotid sheath, at hyoid level passed anteriorly to lateral tongue
45
what is the arterial supply to the tounge
lingual artery from external carotid
46
where is CNXII in relation to the loop of the lingual artery
lateral
47
how to clinically test CNXII
ask patient to stick tongue straight out
48
what will unilateral CNXII damage cause when testing CNXII
tip points toward damaged side
49
where is the palatine tonsil
in tonsillar fossa (space between arches of soft palate)
50
what are the arches of the soft palate formed of
skeletal muscle covered in mucosa
51
what structure is the uvula a part of
soft palate
52
what is the management of an injury to the vermillion border
refer to plastic surgeon
53
what bones form the hard palate
maxillae, palatine and sphenoid
54
what structure runs in the midline of the hard palate
median palatine suture
55
what parts of the sphenoid contribute to the hard palte
lateral & medial pterygoid plates
56
what foraminae are seen on the hard palate
palatine foraminae and incisive foramen
57
what runs though the palatine foraminae
CNV2 branches & vessels
58
what is seen on surface anatomy of the hard palate
palatal rugae and duct openings of the palatine glands
59
what bone is the pterygoid hamulus a part of
sphenoid
60
what are the 5 muscle pairs of the soft palate
levator veli palatine, tensor veli palatini, palatoglottus, palatopharyngeus, musculus uvulae
61
what is the function of tensor veli palatini
tenses soft palate
62
what is the function of levator veli palatini
lifts soft palate towards base of skull
63
what is the innervation of the soft palate skeletal muscles
all CNX except tensor veli palatini (CNV3)
64
3 functions of the soft palate
stops food going in nose when swallowing, directs air in nose, closes orophaynx entrance in gag reflex
65
how to test the motor function of soft palate
ask patient to say 'ahhh'
66
what is an normal result when testing the motor function of the soft palate
uvula should lift straight up in midline
67
what is an abnormal result when testing the motor function of the soft palate
in unilateral nerve damage uvula pulled away from non-functioning side
68
describe the external layer of the pharynx
circular constrictor voluntary muscles overlapping each other
69
what is the innervation of the external constrictor muscles of the pharynx
CVX pharyngeal plexus
70
what are the names of the external constrictor muscles of the pharynx
superior, middle and inferior constrictor muscles of the pharynx
71
where do the constrictor muscles of the pharynx insert
onto the midline raphe
| and onto pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone
72
what is cricopharyngeus
upper oesophageal sphincter
73
what vertebral level is circopharyngeus
C6
74
name the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx and where do they originate
stylopharyngeus (styloid process), palatopharyngeus (palate), salpinogopharyngeus (pharyngotympanic tube cartilage)
75
where do the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx insert
thyroid cartilage posterior border
76
what is the innervation of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
all CNX except stylopharyngeus (CNIX)
77
what is the function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
elevate pharynx & larynx
78
what is a tonsil
mucosal site of lymphoid tissue
79
name the tonsil of the nasopharynx and oropharynx
palatine tonsil, pharyngeal tonsil, tubal tonsils, lingual tonsil,
(also palate associated lymphoid tissue)
80
where are the tubal tonsils
in mucosa of eustachian tube opening
81
where is the pharyngeal tonsil
in mucosa of roof of nasopharynx
82
where is the lingual tonsil
in mucosa on posterior 1/3 of tongue
83
what is Waldeyer's ring
defensive ring of lymphoid tissue in pharynx
84
define regional node
group of LN that 1st receive lymph drained from a given structure
85
where are the retropharyngeal nodes
in the retropharyngeal space
86
where are the submental nodes
posterior to the mental process of the mandible
87
where are the submandibular nodes
superficial to the submandibular gland
88
where are the deep cervical nodes
in the carotid sheath
89
what node drains the palatine tonsil
jugulo-digastric node
90
what are the region of nodes for the tip of the tongue
submental nodes
91
where do all nodes of the head/neck eventually drain to
deep cervical LN
92
what is the clinical difference between a lymph node in infection and a lymph node in cancer
infection: pain, soft, smooth, not fixed
cancer: no pain, hard, irregular, fixed
93
what is the function of the larynx
regulates airflow & protects against aspiration
94
where is the larynx located
between pharynx & trachea in the visceral layer of the pretracheal fascia in the neck
95
name the fascia compartments of the neck
retropharyngel space, pretrcheal fascia, carotid sheath, investing fascia, prevertebral fascia
96
what are the content of the pretracheal fascia
strap muscles, thyroid, trachea, larynx, oesophagus, pharynx, recurrent laryngeal nerves
97
what are the strap muscles
infrahyoid muscles (could go into more detail here?)
98
what is the function of the strap muscles
accessory muscles of breathing
99
where is the pretrachial fascia in relation to the investing fascia
deep
100
what type of fascia are the fascia compartments of the neck
deep fascia
101
where is the larynx in relation to the laryngopharynx
anterior
102
what is the laryngopharynx
region of pharynx from epiglottis to oesophagus
103
what vertebral level is the larynx
between C4-C6
104
what vertebral level is the hyoid bone
C3
105
what vertebral level are the tracheal cartilages
C2-4
106
what are the carotid sheath contents
internal jugular vein, common carotid artery, vagus nerve, deep cervical lymph nodes
107
is the spinous process of T1 normally palpable
yes
108
is the spinous process of C7 normally palpable
yes
109
is the spinous process of C6 normally palpable
no
110
are the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae normally palpable
yes
111
what parts of the mandible are palpable
angle of the mandible, lower border of the mandible, mental process of the mandible
112
is the hyoid bone normally palpable
yes
113
what is the laryngeal inlet
opening into airway from mouth
114
what direction does the epiglottis move to reduce the risk of aspiration when the laryngeal inlet closes
posteriorly
115
where is the thyrohyoid membrane
vertical fibres between hyoid bone and superior border of thyroid cartilage
116
what is the adam's apple
Laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage
117
what shape is the 1st tracheal ring
C shaped
118
what is the cricothyroid joint
joint between cricoid cartilage and inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage
119
what is the epiglottis made of
elastic cartilage
120
name the processes of the arytenoid cartilages
vocal process and muscular process
121
where and how do the arytenoid cartilages attach
to the cricoid cartilage via the cricoarytenoid joint
122
what are the cartilages that make up the laryngeal cartilages
thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages
123
what is compressed in cricoid pressure
pressing on lamina of cricoid cartilage compresses the oesophagus against the C6 body
124
what is the benefit of cricoid pressure
oesophagus closed but airway open to allow ventilation but prevent prevent aspiration
125
what is the other name for the laryngeal inlet
aditus
126
where is the false vocal cord in relation to the true vocal fold
superior
127
what structure separates the true and false vocal fold
laryngeal ventricle
128
what part of the larynx is inferior to the true vocal cord
infra-glottic cavity
129
what part of the larynx is superior to the false vocal cord
laryngeal vestibule
130
what is the difference between a vocal cord and a vocal fold
become cords when covered in connective tissue
131
where do the false vocal cords attach
arytenoid cartilage to epiglottis
132
where do the true vocal cords attach
arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
133
what is the difference in the function of the true and false vocal cords
only the movement of the true vocal cords impacts sound
134
where is the quadrangular membrane
between vestibular ligament and epiglottis
135
where is the conus elasticus
between cricoid and vocal ligament
136
where is the vestibular ligament
free lower border of quadrangular membrane
137
where is the vocal ligament
free upper border of conus elasticus
138
where is a laryngoscope placed
vallecula
139
where is the vallecula
space between epiglottis and tongue
140
what is the rima glottidis
space between the true vocal cords
141
what is the aryepiglottic fold
superior border of quadrangular membrane
142
what type of muscles are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
skeletal muscle
143
what is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
movement of the vocal cords
144
how will tension of the vocal cords affect voice
increase pitch
145
how will relaxation of the vocal cords affect voice
decrease pitch
146
how will adduction of the vocal cords affect voice
quieter
147
how will abduction of the vocal cords affect voice
louder
148
what is the innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
all CNX
149
what intrinsic muscle of the larynx tenses the vocal cords
cricothyroid muscles
150
what ixtrinsic muscle of the larynx relaxes the vocal ligament
thyroarytenoid muscles
151
what are the attachments of the cricothyroid muscles
anterolateral cricoid cartilage to inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
152
action of the cricothyroid muscles
'nod' thyroid cartilage
153
what are the attachments of the thyroarytenoid muscles
posterior thyroid to anterior arytenoid cartilage
154
what intrinsic muscles of the larynx adducts the vocal ligaments
lateral crico-arytenoid muscles and arytenoid muscles
155
what intrinsic muscle of the larynx abducts the vocal ligaments
posterior crico-arytenoid muscles
156
what are the attachments of the lateral crico-arytenoid muscles
muscular process of the arytenoid to anterior cricoid cartilage
157
what are the attachments of the arytenoid muscles
1 arytenoid cartilage to another cricoid cartilage
158
what are the components of the arytenoid muscles
oblique band and transverse band
159
what is the action of the arytenoid muscles
close rima glottidis
160
what are the attachments of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscles
posterior cricoid cartilage to muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
161
what is the action of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscles
open rima glottidis
162
what happens to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx when whispering
Lateral crico-arytenoids
| contract
163
what happens to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx in phonation
Arytenoids contract and lateral crico-arytenoids assist
164
what happens to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx in forced respiration
Posterior crico-arytenoids contract
165
what happens to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx at rest
Laryngeal muscles relaxed
166
which LN do supra-glottic tumours spread to
deep cervical nodes
167
where do glottic tumours spread do
95% stay on the cords
168
which LN to sub-glottic tumours spread do
paratracheal nodes
169
what is subglottal pressure
pressure in respiratory tree inferior to larynx
170
what happens in the larynx during phonation
when subglottal pressure threshold is reached then air crosses vocal cords causing vibration
171
role of the pharynx, oral &nasal cavities in phonation
amplify laryngeal buzz
172
nasal sounds
“m”, “n” or “ing”
173
what is tracheo-oesophageal puncture
Air flow directed through oesophagus below cricopharyngeus muscle
174
innervation of intrinsic muscles of the pharynx
all inferior laryngeal nerve apart from cricothyroid (external laryngeal)
175
innervation of mucosa above the folds
internal laryngeal nerve
176
innervation of mucosa below the folds
inferior laryngeal nerve
177
where does left recurrent laryngeal become inferior laryngeal nerve
at the level of cricothyroid joint
178
what are the ENT relevant branches of the vagus nerve
left recurrent laryngeal and superior laryngeal nerve
179
what does the superior laryngeal nerve branch into
internal laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve
180
what is galen's anastomosis
anastomosis between internal laryngeal nerve & inferior laryngeal nerve
181
where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch off CNX
in mediastinum (left under arch of aorta)
182
how to clinically test the CNX supply of the pharynx
get patient to swallow small sip of water and watch the larynx move
183
how to clinically test the CNX supply of the larynx
listen for voice hoarseness and listen/watch the power of their cough
