1st Notes

Question 1

It refers to a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena.

Answer 1

Theory

Question 2

It is a formal idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain [how and why] something happens.

Answer 2

Theory

Question 3

Someone who develops an abstract idea or set of ideas about a particular subject in order to explain

Answer 3

Theorists

Question 4

Is the act of causing or producing an effect or a result.

Answer 4

Causation

Question 5

These theories are categorized within a paradigm called positivism (also known as determinism).

Answer 5

Biological Theory

Question 6

crime attempt to explain behaviors contrary to societal expectations through examination of individual characteristics

Answer 6

Biological Theory

Question 7

Physiognomy comes from the Greek word “physis” meaning _________, and “gnomon” meaning_________

Answer 7

Nature,
to judge or to interpret

Question 8

It refers to the evaluation of a persons personality and character through an examination of that persons outward appearance.

Answer 8

Physiognomy Theory

Question 9

a philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who lived during the period around 500 BCE may have been one of the first to advocate this practice, known as physiognomy.

Answer 9

Pythagoras

Question 10

was a proponent of physiognomy, as were many other ancient Greeks.

Answer 10

Aristotle

Question 11

first criminologist, examined patients during his medical practice and concluded that appearance and character were related. His book entitled “On Physiognomy”.

Answer 11

Giambattista della Porta

Question 12

a swiss pastor who published his painstakingly detailed study of “facial fragments” in 1783.

Answer 12

Johann Kaspar Lavater

Question 13

He concluded that one could determine criminal behavior through an examination of a person`s eyer, ears, nose, chin, and facial shape.

Answer 13

Johann Kaspar Lavater

Question 14

relate nature of the crime to personality of the individual or suggested a link between crime and physical appearance in his handbook on “Criminal Anthropology”.

Answer 14

Jacob Fries

Question 15

Phrenology comes from the Greek word “phren” meaning _______, “logos” meaning _________

Answer 15

Mind,
Knowledge

Question 16

a German neuroanatomist and physiologist who pioneered study of the human brain as the source of mental faculties, developed the practice of cranioscopy, a technique by which to infer behaviors and characteristics from external examination of the skull

Answer 16

Franz Joseph Gall

Question 17

German physician and student of Gall, actually coined the term phrenology to replace cranioscopy.

Answer 17

Johann Kaspar Spurzheim

Question 18

He also expanded the map of the brain organs, developed a hierarchical system of the organs, and created a model “phrenology bust” that depicted the location of the brain organs.

Answer 18

Johann Kaspar Spurzheim

Question 19

He was the first to connect crime to human evolution.

Answer 19

Cesare Lombroso

Question 20

developed his Physique Theory in his book “Physique and Character” published in 1921

Answer 20

Ernst Kretschmer

Question 21

Usually commits crime known as petty theft and fraud.

Answer 21

Asthenic Type

Question 22

Usually commits violent crimes.

Answer 22

Athletic Type

Question 23

Usually commits deception, fraud, violence.

Answer 23

Pyknic Type

Question 24

Usually commits an offense against decency and morality.

Answer 24

Dysplastic or Mixed Type

Question 25

His first influential publication, “Crime and the Man” (1939), documented his study of 14,000 prisoners and 3,000 nonprisoner controls in 10 states.

Answer 25

Earnest Hooten

Question 26

He argued that the only way to solve crime was by eliminating people who were morally, mentally, or physically “unfit”, or by segregating them in an environment apart from the rest of society.

Answer 26

Earnest Hooten

Question 27

in 1940`s, developed and tested his classification system, known as Somatotyping.

Answer 27

William Sheldon

Question 28

Have a higher proportion of Digestive Tissue; and have a Viscerotonic Temperament. More likely to be mentally ill.

Answer 28

Endomorphs

Question 29

Have a higher proportion of Muscular tissue; and have a Dionysian Temperament. More likely to engage crime.

Answer 29

Mesomorphs

Question 30

Have a higher proportion of Nervous tissue; and have a Cerebrotonic Temperament. More likely to commit suicide.

Answer 30

Ectomorphs

Question 31

First proposed the idea that genetics and evolution both contribute to many human qualities including personality.

Answer 31

Charles Darwin

Question 32

propounded his Theory of Evolution in book On the Origin of Species published in 1859 which theorized that pangenesis explained the persistence of traits from one generation to the next.

Answer 32

Charles Darwin

Question 33

He discussed transmission and development in his laws of inheritance, arguing that cells within bodies shed “gemmules” that carried specific traits from the parent organism to the subsequent generation.

Answer 33

Charles Darwin

Question 34

Who is the Father of Genetics

Answer 34

Gregor Mendel

Question 35

Who developed the Theory of Eugenics in 1883.

Answer 35

Francis Galton

Question 36

encourages the reproduction of the “more fit” which means that good or intelligent people are more favored to produce children.

Answer 36

Positive Eugenics

Question 37

discourages reproduction of the “less fit” which means that epilliptic, feebleminded couple or people are not allowed to produce children.

Answer 37

Negative Eugenics

Question 38

published his study entitled, “The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Heredity” in 1877

Answer 38

Richard Dugdale

Question 39

published his study entitled “The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness”

Answer 39

Henry H. Goddard

Question 40

He also introduced the term Moron.

Answer 40

Henry H. Goddard

Question 41

He discovered the descendants of Edwards presided over the New York Prison Commission which housed many of the Juke Descendants

Answer 41

Albert Edward Winship

Question 42

conducted as follow-up about Jukes, and in 1916 published his research entitled “The Jukes in 1915”.

Answer 42

Arthur H. Estabrook

Question 43

Is about people and focuses on the study of the human mind and behavior.

Answer 43

Psychology

Question 44

referred to as Criminological Psychology which is the study of wills, thoughts, intentions, and reactions of criminals and all that partake in the criminal behavior.

Answer 44

Criminal Psychology

Question 45

It also called “Forensic Psychiatry”

Answer 45

Criminal Psychiatry

Question 46

refers to criminal intent. The literal translation from Latin is "guilty mind."

Answer 46

Mens Rea

Question 47

The plural of mens rea is ________

Answer 47

Mentes reae

Question 48

the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.

Answer 48

Juxtaposition

Question 49

refers to the state of mind statutorily required in order to convict a particular defendant of a particular crime

Answer 49

Mens Rea

Question 50

refers to the act or omission that comprise the physical elements of a crime as required by statute.

Answer 50

Actus reus

Question 51

It includes only a voluntary affirmative act, or an omission , causing a criminally proscribed result.

Answer 51

Actus reus

Question 52

provides service – such as determination of competency to stand trial – to a court of law to facilitate the adjudicative process and provide treatment like medications and psychotherapy to criminals.

Answer 52

Forensic psychiatrist

Question 53

is a sub-specialty of psychiatry and is related to criminology. It encompasses the interface between law and psychiatry.

Answer 53

Forensic Psychiatry

Question 54

Criminal Psychologist also known as__________

Answer 54

Forensic psychologist

Question 55

It is centered on the notion that an individual`s early childhood experience influences his or her likelihood for committing future crimes.

Answer 55

Psychodynamic Theory

Question 56

Have expanded the work of Gabriel Tarde through behavior modeling and social learning.

Answer 56

Behavioral Theory

Question 57

It suggests that an individual`s perception and how it is manifested affect his or her potential to commit crime.

Answer 57

Cognitive Theory

Question 58

Refers to the psychology of mental or emotional forces or processes developing especially in early childhood and their effects on behavior and mental states.

Answer 58

Psychodynamics

Question 59

-         Refers to the psychology of mental or emotional forces or processes developing especially in early childhood and their effects on behavior and mental states.

Answer 59

Criminal Etiology

Question 60

The history of Criminology dates back from the works of criminological thinkers or theorists.

Answer 60

Crime Causation Theories