Page 31-32 Flashcards
(39 cards)
This refers to the theory that was proposed by Ronald Akers with Robert Burgess in 1966. This variation of social learning theory argues that the primary learning mechanism is through differential association (instrumental conditioning) along with elements of psychological learning theory. Akers said that learning process, both for conforming and deviant behavior, is through direct conditioning, which is also called differential reinforcement. This occurs when behavior is reinforced by either reward or punishment. When behavior is punished, this is referred to as negative reinforcement. When a behavior is rewarded it is called positive reinforcement
Differential Reinforcement Theory
This refers to a process of labeling that may produce a reevaluation of the self which reflects actual or perceived appraisals made by others
Differential Social Control
This refers to individual’s membership in and relationship to primary, secondary, and reference groups such as the family, friendship/peer groups, leisure groups, colleagues, and work groups
Differential Social Location
This refers to the idea that consistently applied social support may eventually negate or counterbalance the crime-producing influence of coercion
Differential Social Support and Coercion Theory
This refers to the theory which focuses on the conditions within the urban environment that affect crime rates. Under this proposition, crime rates are linked to neighborhood ecological characteristics. It views crime-ridden neighborhoods as those in which residents are uninterested in community matters, therefore, the common sources of control - family, school, church-are- weak and disorganized. This theory was popularized by two Chicago sociologists, Henry D. Mckay and Clifford R. Shaw. They contended that criminals are not biologically inferior, intellectually impaired, or psychologically damaged. To them, neighborhood denigration and slum conditions are the primary causes of criminal behavior
Differential Social Disorganization Theory
This refers to differential reinforcement, occurs when behavior is reinforced by being either rewarded or punished while interacting with others
Direct Conditioning
This refers to an effect that occurs when an effort made to eliminate one type of crime also control others, because it reduces the value of criminal activity by limiting access to desirable agents
Discouragement
This refers to any type of psychological problems, such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and conduct disorders
Disorder
This refers to a condition wherein people who desire the benefits of crime may choose alternative targets, so that crime is not prevented but deflected or displaced
Displacement
This refers to the negative feedback of law enforcement agencies, parents, friends, teachers, and other figures amplifies the force of the original label, stigmatized offenders may begin to re-evaluate their own identities
Dramatization of Evil
This refers to a theoretical point of view which depicts human behaviour as centered around the purposeful management of interpersonal impressions.
This is also known as “Dramaturgy”
Dramaturgical Perspective
This refers to the view that youths move in and out of delinquency and that their lifestyles can embrace both conventional and deviant values. This also refers to the movement from one extreme behavior to another, resulting in behavior that is sometimes unconventional, free or deviant and at other times constrained and sober.
Drift
This refers to a theory that a crime in one instance may be caused by one or more factors, while in other instances is caused by another set of factors.
Eclectic Theory
This refers to a type of objective approach that is concerned with the biotic grouping of men resulting to migration, competition, social discrimination, division of labor and social conflict as factors of crime
Ecological Approach
This refers to the first attempt to apply official data and statistics to the issue of explaining criminality
This may also refer to a criminological theory that is sometimes referred to as “Statistical” “Geographic” or “Cartographic The labels geographical and cartographic fave been assigned due to the fact that writers in
Ecological Theory
This refers to a type of objective approach that deals with the explanation of crime concerning security of inadequacy and other necessities to support life as factors to criminality
Economic Approach
This refers to the conscious and the rational part of the mind, and it usually grows from the ld is part of the personality that must deal with conflicting demands of the id and Superego. It also represents problem-solving dimensions of the personality. It deals with the reality because it can differentiate reality from fantasy.
This is also known as the “Reality Principle”
Ego
This refers to a condition characterized by conclusive seizure and tendency to mental deterioration. The seizure may result to extreme loss of consciousness.
Epilepsy
This refers to the view that all individuals are equal at birth and are theater influenced by their environment
Equipotentiality
This refers to the instinct to preserve and create life
Eros
This refers to the term that characterizes social group based upon as a shared identity rooted in geographical, cultural, historical factors and migratory patterns
Ethnicity
This refers to the study of groups of people in their natural setting, typically involving the researcher being present for extended periods of time in onder to collect data systematically about their daily activities and the meanings they attach to then
Ethnography
This refers to the division of criminology which attempts to provide scientific analysis of the causes of crime. A man and his criminal behavior is the objetti interest in this study
Etiology of crime
This refers to an approach to understanding crime that draws attention to the ways people develop over the course of their lives.
Evolutionary Ecology
