1st Partial Review Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What is psychology?
A
The scientific study of behavior and mental process
2
Q
Is anything you do or think
A
Behavior
3
Q
Overt behavior:
A
Observable actions and responses
4
Q
Covert behavior:
A
Thinking, deeming, and remembering (private mental events)
5
Q
Name the 4 goals of psychology:
A
Describe, Understand, Predict, and Control
6
Q
Naming and classifying a detailed record of scientific observations. Can’t answer the questions “why?”
A
Describe
7
Q
State the causes of the behavior
A
Understand
8
Q
Is the ability to forecast behavior and be right in the predication
A
Predict
9
Q
The ability to alter the conditions to affect the behavior. It has to be used with wisdom and humanity
A
Control
10
Q
Steps of the scientific method:
A
- Make observations
- Ask a question
- Create a hypothesis
- Test or experimentation
- Analyze results
- Conclusions
- Communicate Results
11
Q
Father of psychology
A
Wilhem Wundt
12
Q
Studied conscious experience, perception, measured stimuli and introspection
A
Wilhem Wundt - Father of psychology
13
Q
Structuralism
A
Titchener
14
Q
To analyze the structure of mental life in basic elements or building blocks. Mental chemistry and introspection
A
Structuralism - Titchener
15
Q
Functionalism
A
William James
16
Q
Studied how the mind works to adapt to the environment. How the mind, perception, habits and emotions help people to adapt and survive. Consciousness.
A
Functionalism - William James
17
Q
Behaviorism
A
John B. Watson
18
Q
Study of the mind or conscious experience
A
Observable behavior
19
Q
Studied relationship between stimuli and responses. Observe behaviors without asking questions. Conditioning
A
Behaviorism - John B. Watson
20
Q
Radical Behaviorism
A
B.F. Skinner
21
Q
It says that we act to obtain rewards & avoid punishments.
A
Radical Behaviorism - B.F. Skinner
22
Q
Gestalt psychology
A
Max Wertheimer
23
Q
See the bigger picture. Studied whole experiences, thinking, personality, learning & perception as a whole. Goes against analysis
A
Gestalt psychology - Mas Wertheimer
24
Q
Psychoanalytic psychology
A
Sigmund Freud
25
Part of the mind outside of personal awareness
Unconscious
26
Studied that the behavior is influenced because of our unconscious thoughts, impulses and desires; especially sex and aggression. Nothing is an accident.
Psychoanalytic psychology - Sigmund Freud
27
Humanistic Psychology
Abraham Maslow
28
Studied subjective human experience, human potential, ideals and problems. They believed in "free will". The past affects us but we can choose how to live our lives.
Humanistic psychology - Abraham Maslow
29
Abraham Maslow´s pyramid
Self actualization, Esteem , Love and belonging, Safety needs, Physiological needs
30
Self- actualization:
Desire to become the most that one can be
31
Esteem:
Respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
32
Love and belonging:
Friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection
33
Safety needs:
Personal security, employment, resources, health, property
34
Physiological needs
Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction
35
Function of glutamate:
Regulates excitability, learning process, memory
36
Function of Acetylcholine:
Regulates sleep cycle, muscle functioning
37
Function of histamine:
Wakefulness, blood pressure, pain, sexual behavior, inflammatory reactions
38
Function of dopamine:
Inhibits movements, stimulates secretion of growth hormone
39
Function of noradrenaline:
Alertness, wakefulness, stimulates processes of the body
40
Function of adrenaline:
Fight- or-Flight response
41
Function of GABA:
Reduces neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.
42
Function of Serotonine:
Regulates body temperature, perception of pain, emotions, sleep cycle
43
What is neuroplasticity?
Capacity of our brains to change in response to every experience we have.
44
Name the lobes of the brain:
Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe
45
Sense of self, motor control, higher mental abilities, reasoning, planning, language
Frontal lobe
46
Sensation, touch, temperature, pressure
Parietal lobe
47
Vision
Occipital Lobe
48
Hearing, speaking coherently, understanding verbal and written material
Temporal Lobe
49
Posture, coordination, muscle tone, memory skills and habits
Cerebellum
50
What happens to the brain during the adolescence?
1. Limits are put on test
2. Changes during adolescence are risky and serious
3. Explosion growth
4. Disproportionate and prodigious stage of life
5. Training period w/ impact in the future
51
Components that intervene on its function:
1. Brain changes
2. Role of hormones
3. Influence of environment and peers (mirror neuron):
52
How does the adolescent brain matures?
From back to front
53
What occurs during the brain maturity in adolescence?
Synaptic pruning and myelination occurs
54
What is stronger during the brain maturity stage in adolescence?
Learning and memory
55
Characteristics of the adolescent brain:
1. Search of new things
2. Social involvement
3. Increased emotional intensity
4. Creative exploration
56
How are the emotions in the adolescence?
They arise more rapidly without the sedative influence of the prefrontal cortex.
It is important to manage them in order to achieve independence.
Higher level of response to stress and little capacity to make natural decisions.
57
What is the developmental psychology?
Study of progressive changes in behavior & abilities, it involves every stage of life from conception to death.
58
Name 2 factors that affect the person through life:
Heredity and Environment
59
Transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to their children through genes.
Heredity
60
Environment or nature defines all the external conditions that affect a person
Environment
61
What are the sensitive periods?
Are times when the baby has increased sensitivity to environmental influences
62
Lack of normal nutrition, stimulation, comfort and love
Deprivation
63
Environment that has been modified to be more stimulating, loving, etc.
Enrichment
64
This is something that ALSO can affect development:
Poverty (Lack of nutritious meals, health care or learning. Marriage problems, no positive parenting guidance)
65
Inherited, physical core of personality. (Examples: Sensitivity, irritability, distractibility & typical mood)
Temperament
66
What do you need to determine the physical, emotional & intellectual developmental state of a person?
Heredity, environment and own behavior
67
Name the 3 different areas of development:
Motor development, Perceptual & Cognitive Development, Emotional Development
68
Characteristics of the Motor development:
- The order of maturation is almost universal
- Muscular control starts from head to toe and from the center of the body to extremities.
- Baby starts to crawl or walk = selection of movements that work for them and continue to use them
69
Characteristics of Perceptual and Cognitive Development:
- Mimics
| - babies start learning how the world works. (Also, touch, taste and explore)
70
According to the perceptual and Cognitive development area at what age babies understand that the voice and body should be connected?
3-8 weeks old
71
According to the perceptual and Cognitive development area at what age babies start to recognize animal groups?
9 months
72
According to the perceptual and Cognitive development area at what age babies start to see as his parents?
1 year
73
According to the Emotional development area at what age the basic emotions start to appear?
2 years old
74
According to the Emotional development area which is the only emotion newborn can express?
Excitement
75
According to the Emotional development area which is the first split of emotion?
Between pleasant and unpleasant
76
According to the Emotional development area what are the most common emotions ?
Interest, Joy, anger and sadness
77
According to the Emotional development area at what age the baby has a unique personality?
3 years
78
Consists of emotional attachment and need of physical contact:
Social Development
79
3 components of the social development:
Bio, Psico, and Social
80
What happens if there is an establishment bond with the caregiver?
Babies start to be aware of themselves and of others.
81
Is the base for relationships with parents, siblings, friends and relatives
Social development
82
What is the key to develop and maintain warm and loving social relationships?
Creating a bond of trust and affection between the baby and at least one caregiver
83
Be accepted and protected unconditionally:
Attachment
84
Attachment helps or develops:
- Trust
- Self-efficacy
- Self-esteem
- Sensory development
- Emotional development
- Brain development
- Brain chemistry
85
What happens if a child knows that his attachment figure is accesible and responsive?
It gives the child a strong and persuasive feeling of security
86
What are the attachment styles?
1. Secure
2. Insecure - Avoidant
3. Insecure - Ambivalent
4. Insecure - Disorganized
87
Signs of being securely attached:
- Adapts
- Trusts
- Integrates
- Feels protected
- Feels valuable
- Feels heard
88
Signs of being insecure-avoidant attached:
- Adapts
- Opaque
- Distracted
89
Signs of being insecure - Ambivalent:
- Adapts
- Passive
- Confused
90
Signs of being insecure- disorganized:
- Contradictory behavior
- Abnormal postures
- Freezes
- Apprehensive
- Clear disorganization
91
How is the secure / free attachment related to adult attachment style?
Autonomous
92
How is the Insecure -Avoidant attachment related to adult attachment style?
Irresponsible
93
How is the Insecure - Ambivalent attachment related to adult attachment style?
Worried
94
How is the Insecure - Disorganized attachment related to adult attachment style?
Disorganized
95
It described and explained the changes in logical thinking of children and adolescents.
Piaget´s theory
96
Proposed that children proceed through 4 stages based on maturation and experience
Piaget´s theory
97
Piaget´s theory proposed that:
1. Children are active learners who construct knowledge from their environments
2. They learn through assimilation and accommodation, and complex cognitive development occurs through equilibration
3. The interaction with physical and social environments is key for cognitive development.
4. Development occurs in stages
98
What are the 4 stages of the Piaget´s theory?
1- Sensory motor stage: 0-2 years
2- Preoperational stage: 2-7 years
3- Concrete operational stage: 7-11 years
99
This theory was focused on the role of culture and social interactions
Vygotsky´s Sociocultural Theory
100
This theory stated that speech is a major psychological tool in the child's development of thinking
Vygotsky´s Sociocultural Theory
101
Six major assumptions of the Vygotsky´s sociocultural theory:
1. Children develop through informal and formal conversations with adults
2. The first few years of life are critical for development, as this is where thought and language become increasingly independent.
3. Complex mental activities begin as basic social activities.
4. Children can perform more difficult tasks with the help of a more advance individual (tutors)
5. Tasks that are challenging promote cognitive development growth.
6. Play is important and allows children to stretch themselves cognitively.
102
Range that a child can only achieve with guidance or a more capable partner:
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
103
When the tutor adjusts instructions so the children can understand and accomplish the task:
Scaffolding
104
This theory states that while we grow up we go through notable events in personal development.
Erikson´s Psychosocial theory
105
What does the Erikson´s Psychosocial theory says about each stage and their tasks?
Each stage brings a developmental task that has to be mastered with optimal development
106
He said that in each stage we encounter a psychosocial dilemma that can be defined as a crisis
Erik Erikson
107
Is a conflict between personal impulses and the social world
Crisis
108
Characteristics of puberty:
- Biological event
- Hormonal changes, rapid physical growth and sexual maturity.
- Start and form a more mature self-image
- Decision-making with life-time repercussions
109
The adolescences and adulthood are times of...
Exploration, change, exuberance and youthful searching, but also can be of worry and problems
110
Stage between childhood and adulthood. The person is not a child neither an adult
Adolescence
111
Top 3 standards that mark than an adolescent is now an adult:
1. Taking responsibility for oneself
2. Making independent decisions
3. Becoming financially independent.
