Quiz 1 Partial 2 Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
What is consciousness?
A
Sensations and perceptions of external events and yourself.
2
Q
Waking consciousness:
A
Clear, organized alertness.
3
Q
Altered state of consciousness:
A
Changes in quality and pattern in mental activity
4
Q
Examples of shifts in altered state of consciousness:
A
Perception, emotions, memories, time sense, thoughts, feelings and suggestibility.
5
Q
Hallucinations, depression, euphoria, dreams, psychosis, are examples of:
A
Altered state of consciousness
6
Q
How many years of our life do we tend to spend asleep?
A
25
7
Q
Name 2 characteristics of “sleep”:
A
- Not totally unresponsive
- Helps to remember the day before
8
Q
How many days without sleeping are bad for our health?
A
4
9
Q
What are the cause of some of the diseases that can lead to coma or death?
A
Lack of sleep
10
Q
Biological rhythm that can’t be ignored
A
Sleep
11
Q
How can we avoid hallucinations and delusions?
A
With a regular sleep schedule.
12
Q
What is sleep deprivation?
A
Lost of contact with reality, confusion, disorientation, delusions and hallucinations.
13
Q
Examples of things that can happen due to sleep deprivation:
A
- Speech slurred
- Not able to concentrate, remember, mention names.
- Trembling hands
- Drooping eyelids
- Irritability
- Discomfort
14
Q
Excessive daytime sleepiness, more common in adolescents.
A
Hypersomnia
15
Q
Examples of things that can happen due to Hypersomnia:
A
Trouble paying attention, staying alert and doing simple tasks.
16
Q
What are the 3 types of sleep patterns?
A
- Short Sleepers
- Long sleepers
- Average
17
Q
5 hours or less sleep pattern:
A
Short sleepers
18
Q
9 or more hours of sleep:
A
Long sleepers
19
Q
7 to 8 hours of sleep:
A
Average
20
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Power Naps are recommended
A
True
21
Q
To measure waves of sleep and consciousness.
A
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
22
Q
Small and fast waves when we are awake and alert
A
Beta waves
23
Q
Larger and slower waves before sleep
A
Alpha waves
24
Q
What happens when we close our eyes?
A
The body temperature drops, and breathing and pulse become slow.
25
Name the 4 sleep stages:
1. Light sleep
2. Sleep deepens and temperature drops
3. Delta waves are large and slow
4. Deep sleep
26
Heart rate slows down, breathing irregular and the muscles of the body relax. Ppl may say they are asleep or not.
Light sleep
27
Sleep spindles happens; short brainwaves to prevent being awake by external stimuli
Sleep deepens and temperature drops
28
Sleep is deeper, slow waves and loss of consciousness
Delta waves are large and slow
29
If a person wakes up in this stage, he will be confused and may not remember he was woken up
Deep sleep
30
Here happens the stages 1, 2,3. Recovery from body fatigue. Calm the brain. Fresh approach to the next day. Dream-free
Non REM sleep (NREM)
31
Here we dream. Sharpen memories of the day. Stress increases. Stimulate developing brain. Longer, clearer, more detailed and bizarre. Storage of memory
Rapid Eye Movement (REM sleep)
32
Difficulty in falling asleep, frequent nighttime awakening, waking too early or a combination.
Insomnia
33
Behavioral remedies for insomnia:
1. Stimulus control: Regular schedule.
2. Sleep restrictions: Sleep only for bedtime hours
3. Paradoxical intention: not fight the need of sleep.
4. Relaxation: Progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, etc.
5. Exercise
6. Food intake: cookies, bread, pasta, oatmeal.
7. Stimulant avoidance: No coffee, alcohols.
34
Normally happens when a person is in a stage of deep sleep and gets partially awoken in a way that triggers physical activity while remaining mostly asleep.
Sleepwalking
35
What are the somnambulists?
People that avoid obstacles, descend stairways, out of windows or cars.
36
In what stage does somnambulists move?
during NREM (3 and 4)
37
Factors of sleepwalking:
1. Genetics
2. Sleep deprivation
3. Medications
4. Alcohol
5. Brain injuries
6. Stress
7. Fever
38
What is a nightmare?
Bad dream in REM sleep, associated with psychological distress.
39
What are night terrors?
Total panic, hallucinate frightening dreams images
40
Characteristics of night terrors:
1. Happens during NREM sleep
2. Lasts from 15-20 minutes
3. You are immobilized
41
Brain doesn't send the right signal to the diaphragm to maintain breathing. The airway narrows become blocked or flexible
Sleep apnea
42
How to identify if someone has sleep apnea?
1. Snore loudly
2. Short silences
3. Loud gasps
4. Extremely sleepy during the day
5. Hard time functioning
43
What´s the most common way to alter human consciousness?
Psychoactive drugs
44
Is a substance that increases the activity in body and the nervous system (Ex. coffee)
Stimulant
45
Substance that decreases activity
Depressant
46
Drug dependence:
1. Consume drugs
2. Physical dependence (addiction)
3. Withdrawal symptoms
4. Tolerance
5. Emotional dependence
47
Cause of sleep paralysis:
Because you are in a stage of REM sleep but you are totally awake
48
Why are you unable to move during sleep paralysis?
To prevent hurt yourself and others.
49
What are saying the 2 switches in our brain during sleep paralysis?
One tells us we are asleep, the other controls movements.
50
Prevention of sleep paralysis:
1. Good night sleep
2. Don't eat heavy dinner
3. Sleep routine
4. Safe and comfy environment
51
Effects of lack of sleep in adolescents:
1. Aggressiveness
2. Impatience
3. Impulsiveness
4. Low-self worth, irritable and mood swings
5. Higher depressing symptoms chance
6. Bad school performance
7. Risk of car accidents
52
Cognitives effects of lack of sleep in adolescents:
1. Inhibition of creativity
2. Decrease ability to concentrate and solve problems
3. Forget things
4. Short- term and working memory
53
Response to pressure or threat having physical, cognitive and emotional responses.
Stress
54
Consequences of stress:
1. Excessive worry
2. Inability to concentrate
3. Bad mood and maintaining attentions
4. Anxiety, fears and phobias
5. Susceptibility to accidents
6. Sleep disorders
7. Drug and alcohol addiction
8. Depression and affective disorders.
55
Desire that adolescents have that causes emotions to control behavior and can lead to risky behaviors
Instant gratification
56
Characteristics of decision making:
1. Daily activity
2. Requires thinking and controlling emotions
3. Related to executive functions for self- regulation
57
Set of control mechanisms whose main objective consists of the regulation of cognition, behavior and emotions for the achievement of individual goals and objectives
Executive functions
58
What is learning?
Permanent change in behavior due to experience
59
Main types of learning:
Associative and Cognitive learning
60
Associative learning:
When a person or an animal forms an association between stimuli and response
61
Cognitive learning:
Understanding, knowing, anticipating or making use of the information to make higher mental processes.
62
Classical conditioning:
An antecedent stimulus that doesn't produce a response is linked with one that does.
63
Stimuli and responses that form part of classical conditioning:
1. Unconditioned stimulus
2. Unconditioned response
3. Neutral stimulus
4. Conditioned sitmulus
5. Conditioned response
64
Unconditioned stimulus:
A stimulus capable of making a response
65
Unconditioned response:
A reflex response after an unconditioned stimulus
66
Neutral stimulus:
A stimulus that does not evoke a response
67
Conditioned stimulus:
A stimulus that after the learning process it evoke a response
68
Conditioned response:
A learned response that is provoked by a conditioned stimulus
69
Classical conditioning ACQUISITION:
The period where a response is reinforced.
70
Weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement
Classical conditioning EXTINCTION
71
Classical conditioning SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY:
Reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction
72
An stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli that may also trigger a response
Classical conditioning GENERALIZATION:
73
Classical conditioning DISCRIMINATION:
Respond differently to various stimuli
74
Operant conditioning:
Learning is based on the consequences of responding.
75
Operant conditioning: OPERANT EXTINCTION
Responses that are not reinforced with gradually fade away
76
When making a response will remove a unpleasant event:
Operant conditioning: NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
77
Operant conditioning: POSTIVE REINFORCEMENT
A pleasant or desirable event follows a response
78
Response with an unpleasant consequence
Operant conditioning: PUNISHMENT
79
Cognitive Learning
Understanding, knowing, anticipating or making use of the information to make higher mental processes.
80
Any event or thing that increases the probability that a response will happen again
Reinforcements
81
Adding something to decrease behavior
Positive Punishment (RESPONSE COST)
82
Adding something to increase behavior
Positive Reinforcement
83
Subtracting something to decrease behavior
Punishment (NEGATIVE)
84
Subtracting something to increase behavior
Negative reinforcement
85
Operant Primary Reinforcement
Produce comfort, end of discomfort or fill physical need. Natural (Food and water)
86
Operant Secondary Reinforcement
Money, praise, attention, approval, success, affection and grades.
