2nd Partial Exam Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Definition of consciousness:
A
Sensations and perceptions of external events and yourself. (memories, feelings, experiences, and self)
2
Q
What is waking consciousness?
A
Being clear, organized alertness
3
Q
Changes in quality and pattern in mental activity.
A
Altered state of consciousness (ASC)
4
Q
Examples of shifts in altered state of consciousness:
A
Shifts in perception, emotions, memories, time sense, thoughts, feelings, and suggestibility.
5
Q
Hallucinations, depression, euphoria, dreams, psychosis:
A
Altered state of consciousness (ASC)
6
Q
How many years of our life do we tend to “sleep”?
A
25 years
7
Q
Name 2 characteristics of “sleep”:
A
- Not totally unresponsive
- Helps to remember the day before
8
Q
Biological rhythm that can’t be ignored
A
Need for sleep
9
Q
How can we avoid hallucinations and delusions?
A
With a regular sleep schedule
10
Q
How many days without sleeping are bad for our health?
A
4 days
11
Q
What are the cause of some of the diseases that can lead to coma or death?
A
Lack of sleep
12
Q
What is sleep deprivation?
A
Lost of contact with reality, confusion, disorientation, delusions and hallucinations
13
Q
Examples of things that can happen due to sleep deprivation:
A
- Speech slurred
- Not able to concentrate, remember, mention names.
- Trembling hands
- Drooping eyelids
- Irritability
- Discomfort
14
Q
Excessive daytime sleepiness, more common in adolescents.
A
Hypersomnia
15
Q
Examples of things that can happen due to hypersomnia:
A
- Trouble paying attention.
- Trouble staying alert
- Trouble at doing simple tasks
16
Q
What are the 3 types of sleep patterns?
A
- Short sleepers
- Long sleepers
- Average
17
Q
5 hours or less sleep pattern:
A
Short sleepers
18
Q
9 or more hours of sleep:
A
Long sleepers
19
Q
7 to 8 hours of sleep:
A
Average
20
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Power naps are recommended
A
true
21
Q
To measure waves of sleep and consciousness
A
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
22
Q
What happens when we close our eyes?
A
Body temperature drops, and breathing and pulse becomes slow
23
Q
Small and fast waves when we are awake and alert:
A
Beta waves
24
Q
Larger and slower waves before sleep:
A
Alpha waves
25
Mention the 4 sleep stages:
1. Light sleep
2. Sleep deepens and temperature drops
3. Delta waves are large and slow
4. Deep sleep
26
Heart rate slows down, breathing irregular and the muscles of the body relax. People may say they are asleep
1st stage: Light sleep
27
Sleep spindles happens; short brainwaves to prevent being awake by external stimuli:
2nd stage: Sleep deepens and temperature drops
28
Sleep is deeper, slow waves and loss of consciousness:
Stage 3: Delta waves are large and slow
29
If a person wakes up in this stage, he will be confused and may not remember he was woken up:
Stage 4: Deep sleep
30
Here happens the stages 1, 2 and 3. Recovery from body fatigue. Calm the brain. Fresh approach to the next day.
Non REM sleep (NREM)
31
Here we dream. Sharpen memories of the day. Stress increases. Stimulates developing brain. Longer, clearer, more detailed and bizarre. Storage of memory.
Rapid Eye Movement (REM sleep)
32
Difficulty in falling asleep, frequent nighttime awakening, waking too early or a combination:
Insomnia
33
Behavioral remedies for insomnia:
1. Stimulus control: regular schedule
2. Sleep restrictions: sleep only for bedtime hours
3. Paradoxical intention: not fight the need of sleep
4. Relaxation: progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, etc.
5. Exercise
6. Food intake: cookies, bread, pasta, oatmeal, etc.
7. Stimulant avoidance: no coffee, alcohols, etc.
34
What is a nightmare?
Bad dream in REM sleep, associated with psychological distress.
35
What are night terrors?
Total panic, hallucinate frightening dreams images
36
Characteristics of night terrors:
1. Happens during NREM sleep
| 2. Lasts from 15-20 minutes
37
What's the most common way to alter human consciousness?
Psychoactive drugs
38
Is a substance that increases activity in the body and nervous system. (Ex.Coffee)
Stimulant
39
Is a substance that decreases activity in the body and nervous system.
Depressant
40
Drug dependence:
1. Consume drugs
2. Physical dependence (addiction)
3. Withdrawal symptoms
4. Tolerance
5. Emotional dependence
41
Effects of lack of sleep in adolescents:
1. Aggressiveness, Impatience, impulsiveness.
2. Low self worth, irritable and mood swings.
3. Higher depressing symptoms chance
4. Bad school performance
5. Risk of car accidents
42
Cognitives effects of lack of sleep in adolescents:
1. Inhibition of creativity
2. Decrease ability to concentrate and solve problems.
3. Short-term and working memory
4. Forget things
43
Response to pressure or threat, It has physical, cognitive and emotional responses.
Stress
44
Consequences of stress:
1. Excessive worry
2. Inability to concentrate
3. Bad mood and maintaining attentions
4. Anxiety, fears and phobias
5. Susceptibility to accidents
6. Sleep disorders
7. Drug and alcohol addiction
8. Depression and affective disorders
45
Desire that adolescents have that causes emotions to control behavior and can lead to risky behaviors
Instant gratification
46
Characteristics of decision making:
1. Daily activity
2. Requires thinking and controlling emotions
3. Related to executive functions for self-regulation
47
Set of control mechanisms whose main objective consists of the regulation of cognition, behavior and emotions for the achievement of individual goals and objectives
Executive functions
48
What is learning?
A permanent change in behavior due to experience.
49
Main types of learning:
Associative and Cognitive learning
50
Associative learning definition:
When a person or animal forms an association between stimuli and response
51
Cognitive learning definition:
Understanding, knowing, anticipating or making use of the information to make higher mental processes.
52
Classical conditioning definition:
An antecedent stimulus that doesn't produce a response is linked to one that does.
53
Stimuli and responses that form part of classical conditioning:
1. Unconditioned stimulus
2. Unconditioned response
3. Neutral stimulus
4. Conditioned stimulus
5. Conditioned response
54
Unconditioned stimulus:
A stimulus capable of making a response.
55
Unconditioned response:
A reflex response after an unconditioned stimulus.
56
Neutral stimulus:
A stimulus that does not evoke a response
57
Conditioned stimulus:
A stimulus that after the learning process it evoke a response.
58
Conditioned response:
A learned response that is provoked by a conditioned stimulus.
59
Classical conditioning ACQUISITION:
The period where a response is reinforced
60
Weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement:
Classical conditioning EXTINCTION
61
Classical conditioning SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY:
Reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.
62
A stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli that may also trigger a response.
Classical conditioning GENERALIZATION
63
Classical conditioning DISCRIMINATION:
Respond differently to various stimuli.
64
Operant conditioning:
Learning is based on the consequence of responding.
65
Operant conditioning: OPERANT EXTINCTION:
Responses that are not reinforced with gradually fade away.
66
When making a response will remove an unpleasant event:
Operant conditioning: NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
67
Operant conditioning: POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT:
A pleasant or desirable event follows a response
68
Response with an unpleasant consequence:
Operant conditioning: PUNISHMENT
69
Any event or thing that increases the probability that a response will happen again:
Reinforcements
70
Adding something to decrease behavior:
Positive Punishment
71
Adding something to increase behavior:
Positive reinforcement
72
Subtracting something to decrease behavior:
Punishment (NEGATIVE)
73
Subtracting something to increase behavior:
Negative reinforcement
74
Operant primary reinforcement:
Produce comfort, end discomfort or fill physical need. Natural (food and water)
75
Operant secondary reinforcement:
Money, praise, attention, approval, success, affection and grades.
76
Is an active system that receives, stores, organizes, alters and recovers information
Memory
77
Name the 3 stages of memory:
1. Information is encoded or changed.
2. Information encoded is now stored in the memory system.
3. . Information must be retrieved, taken out so the person can make it useful
78
Information that we just received is first encoded in:
Sensory memory
79
Name the 2 types of sensory memory:
1. Iconic memory: (visual sensory images) Stored for half a second.
2. Echoic memory: Brief flurry of activity in the auditory system
80
Stores small amount of information, what YOU´RE AWARE OF RIGHT NOW.
Short term memory
81
How does short term memory encodes ?
STM can encode in IMAGES but it encodes more often PHONEMES (SOUND)
82
It is very sensitive to interruption or interference:
Short term memory
83
STM combined with other mental process like problem solving, thinking, analyzing, etc
Working memory
84
What information holds the working memory?
Information that we need so we can achieve this mental processes.
85
Characteristics of long term memory:
1. LTM is encoded in the basis of meaning, not sound.
2. If you can link STM knowledge to LTM it gains meaning.
3. The more you know the easier it is to add new information, LTM is endless.
4. The information that is important from STM and encoded in LTM that is a storehouse for knowledge.
86
STM hacks:
1. Chunking
| 2. Rehearsing information
87
Bits of information grouped into larger units:
Chunking
88
Helps you to "hear" the information many times.
Rehearsing information
89
What is not a great way to study?
Rote rehearsal
90
Makes information more meaningful so it is easier to remember by linking between old and new info
Elaborate processing
91
LTM Hacks:
1. Organizing memories
| 2. Redintegration
92
Can be arranged in rules, images, categories, symbols, similarity, formal or personal meaning:
LTM in organizing memories
93
This model views information in organized systems of linked information.
Network model
94
When memory serves a function in which it triggers another memory, this way we well have a chain of association to other related memories
Redintegration
95
Types of Long Term Memory:
1. Procedural memory
2. Declarative memory
3. Semantic memory
4. Episodic memory
96
Procedural memory:
Basic conditioned responses and learned actions, like typing, driving or swinging a golf club.
97
Declarative memory:
Specific factual information like names, facts, word, dates and ideas
98
Semantic memory:
Mental dictionary or encyclopedia of basic knowledge. Names of objects, days of the week or months of the year
99
Episodic memory:
Record of personal experiences, it stores life events. What, where and when. Your 1st day of school, first kiss, etc.
100
Keys to the memory bank:
1. Organization
2. Whole vs Part learning
3. Overlearning
4. Space practice
101
Whole vs part learning:
Practice whole packages of information rather than smaller parts.
102
Organization:
Organizing class notes and summarizing chapters can be so useful
103
Overlearning:
Continue studying beyond mastering
104
Space practice:
Alternating short study sessions with brief rest periods.
105
Intelligence:
Global capacity to act with a purpose, to think rationally and to deal effectively with the environment
106
5 aspects of intelligence:
1. Fluid reasoning
2. Knowledge
3. Quantitative reasoning:
4. Visual-Spatial Processing:
5. Working memory
107
Fill in the missing shape or tell what´s going on in a series of pictures
Fluid reasoning
108
Review the person's knowledge in a variety of aspects
Knowledge
109
Ability to solve problems involving numbers
Quantitative reasoning
110
People with this skill are good at putting picture puzzles together and copying geometric shapes
Visual-Spatial Processing
111
Ability to use short-term memory (repeating digits after hearing them)
Working memory
112
Intelligence quotient
Mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100
113
Chronological age
A person´s age in years
114
Women performed better in...
verbal activity, vocabulary and rote learning
115
Men performed better in...
items that require spatial visualization and math
116
Solving problems, insight and declines after middle age
Fluid intelligence
117
Solving problems with information we already have and declines very little but until advanced age
Crystallized intelligence
118
Causes of intellectual disability:
1. Birth injuries (lack of oxygen)
2. Fetal damage (prenatal)
3. Metabolic disorders
4. Genetic abnormalities (missing, extra or defective genes)
119
Percentage of cases that have no known biological problem as a cause of intellectual disability
30-40%
120
Characteristics of Down syndrome:
1. This syndrome causes moderate to severe intellectual disability and a shortened life expectancy of 49 years.
2. Is genetic but is not always hereditary
3. Best hope for this syndrome is education that is adapted to every kid's necessities so that it can lead them to fuller lives
121
Factors that influence intelligence:
1. Experiential intelligence
2. Reflective intelligence
3. Neural intelligence
122
Knowledge and skills acquired over time
Experiential intelligence
123
Ability to become aware of one's own thinking habits
Reflective intelligence
124
Speed and efficiency of the nervous system
Neural intelligence
