1st Semester Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Glycocalyx def and func
A
Membrane proteins with carb side-chains
For cell-to-cell recognition
2
Q
Microvilli def and func
A
1 um length
Bundles of actin and myosin (terminal web)
Increase surface area
3
Q
Stereocilia def and func
A
Extremely long microvilli
8-10 micrometers
Actin filaments only
4
Q
Cilia def and func
A
5-10 micrometers
Microtubules (9x2 +2), Nexin (linker) & Dynein (motor protein)
Motile
5
Q
Collagen type 1
A
Bone, Skin, Tendon, Dentin
6
Q
Collagen type 2
A
Cartilage
7
Q
Collagen type 3
A
Reticular fibers
8
Q
Collagen type 4
A
Basal Lamina
9
Q
Collagen type 5
A
Hair, Placenta
10
Q
Basal membrane is made of
A
- Basal lamina
- Lamina Fibroreticularis
11
Q
Basal Lamina is made of
A
- Lamina rara/lucida externa
- Lamina densa
- Lamina rara/lucida interna
12
Q
Zona occludens
A
Tight Junction, Diffusion barrier
13
Q
Zona Adherens
A
Below the Zona occludens
Links actin cytoskeleton of neighboring cells to each other
(cadherins)
14
Q
Macula adherens
A
Desmosome, Cell-to-cell communication and intermediate filament anchorage
Resists shear force
15
Q
Hemidesmosome
A
Binds epithelium to basal membrane
16
Q
Gap Junction (Nexus)
+ major constituent
A
Exchange of ions, metabolites, messengers between adjacent cells
- connexins
17
Q
Layers of S. Non-K
A
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Planocellulare
18
Q
Layers of thin S.K
A
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Corneum
19
Q
Layers of thick S.K
A
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum Corneum
20
Q
What is found in Stratum Granulosum
A
Keratohyalin
21
Q
Urothelium cells
A
Basal (Cuboidal or Columnar)
Pear shaped cells
Umbrella cells
22
Q
Granules in Serous acini
A
Zymogen granules
23
Q
Granules in Mucous acini
A
Mucigin granules
24
Q
Stain that turns mucous acini Turqoise
A
Movat (pentachrome) stain, stains carbs
25
Types of Intralobular ducts
- Intercallated duct
- Striated duct
26
Intercallated duct cells
Simple cuboidal
27
Striated duct cells
Simple Columnar
28
Interlobular duct cells
Stratified cuboidal/columnar
29
Excretory duct cells
Pseudostratified columnar
30
Merocrine secretion
Continuous secretion
e.g. Salivary
31
Apocrine secrection
Needs accumulation
Secreted with cytoplasm
e.g. Mammary gland, modified sweat gland.
32
Holocrine secretion
Whole cell ruptured
Needs to be fully replaced
e.g. Sebaceous gland
33
Granules in Plasma cell
Histamin (allergy)
Heparin (blood clots)
Leucotriene (Branchi mm contraction)
34
Ground substance contains
- Hyaluronan
- Glycosaminoglycans
- Glycoproteins
- Proteoglycans
35
Proteoglycans are
Core protein + GAGs
36
Glycoproteins do what
Anchor collagen to cell surface
(laminin)
37
Collagen structure
Lateral covalent binding of tropocollagen, 3 intertwining peptide chains
38
Stain for Reticular fibers
Silver impregnation, BLACK
39
Stain for Elastic fibers
- Resorcin-fuchsin: lilac
- Orcein: Brown
40
How are elastic fibers made?
Deposition of Elastic protein on Fibrillin microfibrils (glycoprotein)
41
Stain for Collagen
- H.E: pink
- Trichrome: blue
42
Order of Leukocytes
Neutrophil gran (40-75%)
Lymphocytes (20-50%)
Monocytes (2-10%)
Eosinophil gran (1-6%)
Basophil gran (<1%)
43
Blood Smear Stain
May-Grünwald-Giemsa
44
2 main groups of Leukocytes
- Granular /polymorphonuclear
- Agranular /monomorphonuclear
45
Azurophilic Granules
Lysosome Granules in Neutrophils & Monocytes
46
Eosinophil role
Asthma and Allergy
- Crystal-like structure in axis of granule with anti-parasitic effect
47
Basophil role
Prevents blood clotting in Inflamation
48
Where do Platelets originate from?
Bone marrow megakaryocytes
49
Hyaline Cart.
2-8 chondrocytes
Perichondrium, except articulating surfaces
50
Elastic cart.
1-2 chondrocytes
Always perichondrium
51
Fibrocart.
1-2 chrondrocytes
Never perichondrium
52
Layers of perichondrium
- Fibrous Layer (collagen I)
- Chondrogenic Layer
53
Interstitial cartilage growth is
Embryonic cartilage growth from within
Mesenchymal cells Directly to chondroblast
54
Appositional cartilage growth is
Cartilage formation at edges from the Chondrogenic layer of Perichondrium
55
Newly synthesized bone
Osteoid
56
Yellow bone stain
Schmorl's Picrothionin
57
Canals in Bone
- Haversian Canals
- Volkmann's Canal
58
How do Osteocytes communicate?
Bony canaliculi by gap junctions
59
Intramembranous Ossification
- Mesenchymal cells directly to Osteoblasts
- Osteoprogenitor cell formed
(culvaria, mandible, clavicle)
60
Endochondral Ossification
1) Cartilage model serves as precursor for Bone synthesis
2) Mesenchyme to fetal hyaline cartilage
3) Bony collar formed
4) Ossification
61
Epiphyseal Growth plate
Cartilage bw. epiphysis and diaphysis for bone lengthening
62
Bone appositional growth
Bone remodeling by constant osteoid synthesis by Osteoblasts and bone breakdown by osteoclasts in Howship's lacunae
63
Cartilage zones
Resting zone
Zone of Proliferation
Zone of Hypertrophy/Degen.
Zone of Calcification
Zone of Ossification
64
Sarcomere
Striated muscle unit
A (dark) = Actin + Myosin
I (light) = Actin
Z (intermed.) = Filamin, actin binding protein
(from z to z)
65
Coverings of muscle
- Epimesium (muscle)
- Perimesium (fascicle)
- Endomesium (fiber)
66
Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle
1) Satellite cells
2) activated satellite cell
3) Myoblast
4) Myocyte/Myotube
5) Myofiber
67
Eberth Lines
Intercalated disc junction between 2 cardiac cells for faster conduction
68
Yellow/brown granules
Lipofuscin granules, lipid containing residues of lysosomal digestion
69
Pericyte
Around a vessel
Regulates cell permeability and blood flow, sort of stem cell (mesenchymal-like)
70
Layers of vessels
Tunica intima
Int. Elastic membrane (no in vv)
Tunica Media
Ext. Elastic membrane
Tunica Adventitia
71
Central Glia
- Macroglia (from neural tube: asterocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells.
- Microglia (from hematopoetic tissue)
72
Peripheral Glia
- Schwann Cells
- Satellite Cells
73
Remak Fibers
Non-myelinated nerve fibers from C-neurons for long term burning pain
74
Cells in a Taste bud
- Supporting cells
- Sensory cells
- Basal cells
75
Von Ebners glands
Serous secretion into moat-like invagination of Circumvallate papillae
76
Intrinsic Tongue muscles
- Sup/Inf Longitudinal
- Vertical
- Transverse
77
Constituents of Enamel
Enamel prisms
- 97% inorganic (calcium hydroxyapetite)
- 2% organic (enamelin, ameloblastin)
78
Neonatal Tooth line
Strongest Retzius line separating enamel in fetal life and after birth
79
Tongue Innervation
- Motor: ant 2/3 lingual, post 1/3 glossopharyngeal
- Taste: ant 2/3 chorda t., post 1/3 glossopharyngeal
80
What gland is fully serous?
Parotid Gland
81
General layers of GIT
Epithelium
Lamina Propria mucosae
Lamina Muscularis mucosae
(tunica mucosa^)
Submucosa
Tunica Muscularis
Tunica adventitia/serosa (ip)
82
5 Cells of Gastric pit
- Stem cell
- Mucous cell
- Parietal cell (HCL & intrinsic f)
- Chief cell (serous pepsinogen)
- Enteroendocrine cell (regulates chief & parietal)
83
Intestinal surface increasing structures
- Kerkring folds
- Intestinal Villi
- Microvilli
84
Lieberkühn's Crypts
- Small intestine: Paneth cells which release antimicrobial lysozyme
- Large intestine: No paneth cells only mucous secreted
85
Brunner's Glands
Alkaline Mucous glands in Duodenum submucosa which neutralize stomach acid in duodenum
86
Peyer's Patches
Lymphatic follicles in Ileum anti-mesenterial side
(MALT: Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
87
What covers Peyer's patches
Microfold cell (M-cell) but can not be seen in LM, antigen presenting cell
88
What happens to folding in Large intestine?
No Kerkring folds & No intestinal villi
89
What areas have No Muscularis mucosae
- Gallbladder
- Trachea
- Ureter, Fallopian, Vagina, Ductus def.
90
What areas have No Submucosa
- Gallbladder
- Ureter, Fallopian, Vagina, Ductus def.
91
Kupfer Cell
Macrophage of the Liver
92
Hepatic Lobule Portal triad
- Interlobular V (portal v)
- Interlobular A (hepatic a)
- Bile duct
(+ lymphatic vessel: tetrad)
93
Herring's Canal
Drains bile from hepatocytes to bile duct (intralobular duct)
94
Hepatic Stellate cells
Found in space of Disse
- Stores Vitamin A
- Produces reticular fibers
95
What covers Liver?
Glisson's capsule
96
Round ligament Liver is a remnant of
Left Umbilical Vein
97
Spiral Valves of Heister
Prevent the collapse of the Cystic duct (Gallbladder)
98
What is special about ducts in Pancrease?
No striated ducts!
99
Bronchial Tree
Principal b.
Lobal b.
Segmental b.
Terminal b.
100
Clara cells
Non-ciliated cuboidal cells in Lung
Produce surfactant in Bronchioles to lubricate and prevent collapse
101
Male Urethra linings
1) Prostatic part: Urothelium
2) Membranous Part: Urothelium + Strat. columnar
3) Spongy part: Strat. columnar
102
What forms Blood-Testis barrier
Tight Junctions bw. basal 1/3 of 2 sertoli cells
103
Leydig Cells
Testosterone secreting cells in intertubular space
104
Cells in ductus epididymis
- Principal cells: Tall columnar with long microvilli (apical)
- Basal cells: Short Stem cells (basal)
105
Spermatic cord coverings
- Ext. Spermatic Fascia (ext. oblique)
- Cremasteric Fascia (int. oblique)
- Int. Spermatic Fascia (transversalis fascia)
106
Contents of Spermatic cord
- Ductus deferens
- Deferential, Cremasteric, Testicular A.
- Pampiniform plex.
- Nerves (genital br. of GF n)
107
Corpora Amylacea
Calcified glycoprotein in the Prostate
108
Main bulk of penis
- 2 Corpora cavernosa
- 1 Corpus spongiosum
109
Littre Glands
Tubuloacinar Mucous glands to lubricate penile urethra (submucosa)
110
Preputial glands
Secrete Smegma (sebum) fro prepuce of penis
111
Primordial follicle
- Prophase I of meiosis
- Single layer of squamous follicular cells
112
Primary follicle
- 1 layer Cuboidal follicular cells
- Zona pellucida
113
Secondary follicle
- Multilayered Granulose cells
- Bilayered Theca cells
114
What fills the antrum in secondary follicle
Liquor Folliculi
Hyaluronan-rich fluid
115
Graffian / Tertiary follicle
- Cumulus oophorus
- Corona radiata
- Zona granulosa
- Theca folliculi (theca ext & int.)
- Antrum
116
Cells of Corpus Luteum
- Granulosa Lutein cells (larger)
- Theca Lutein cells smaller
(Progesterone)
117
Corpus albicans
If no fertilization, fatty degeneration
118
Pyknotic meaning
Irreversible condensation of chromatin in nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis
(Atretic Follicle)
119
Main parts of Uterus
- Endomerium
- Myometrium
- Perimetrium
120
Main layers of Uterus Endometrium
- Stratum basale
- Stratum functionale
121
Sloughed layers of uterus
Stratum functionale
- Stratum compactum (under epi.)
- Stratum spongiosum
122
Vessels of Uterus
- Circumferential A (mid. myomet)
- Radial Branches (str. basale)
- Straight A (str.basale supply)
- Spiral A (str. functionale)
123
Myometrium layers
- Str. Submucosum
- Str. Vasculare
- Str. Supravasculare
124
Phases of Uterus
- Secretory phase (progesterone)
- Proliferative phase (estrogen)
125
What muscle can we see in Vagina Slide?
Bulbospongiosus
126
Placental villi dev.
- Primary: Trophoblast
- Secondary: Trophoblast & Mesenchymal core
- Tertiary: + capillaries
(chorionic villi)
127
Placental Villi mature forms
- Anchoring Villi
- Free/Branching/True Villi
128
Layers of mature placenta
Amnion
Chorion
- Extraembryonic mesoderm
- Cytotrophoblast
- Syncitiotrophoblast
129
Blood-Placental Barrier Layers
1) Syncitiotrophoblast
2) Lam. Basalis of Sync.
3) Mesenchymal CT of villus
4) Lam. Basalis of Endothel
5) Capillary Endothelium
130
What are mammary glands
Modified apocrine sweat glands
131
Role of Plasma Cells in Lactating breast
Source of immunoglobulins present in the milk (IgA)
132
Areas of Lymph Node
- Cortex: B-dependent
- Paracortex: T-dependent
133
Dendritic Cells
- Follicular dendritic (help b-cells)
- Interdigitating dendritic (help t-cells)
134
Flow of lymph in Lymph node
1) Cortical sinuses
2) Intermediate sinuses
3) Medullary sinuses
4) Terminal sinus
5) Hilum
135
Spleen major parts
- Red pulp (blood-rich)
- White pulp (lymphocyte rich)
136
White pulp devisions Spleen
- Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (T)
- Malpighian follicles (B)
- Marginal Zone (B)
137
What is found in Red pulp of Spleen
- Splenic cords (Billroth)
- Splenic Sinuses with Stave cells.
138
Hassal's Bodies
- Medulla of Thymus
- Secrete Cytokine: Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin
139
How can we see B & T Lymphocytes in Immunocytochemistry
Antibodies against
- B: CD20
- T: CD3
140
Layers of Hair bulb
Medulla
Cortex
Hair cuticle
Int. Root Sheath
Ext. Root Sheath
Glassy Membrane
CT
141
What does internal root sheath contain?
Trichohyalin Granules
142
What surrounds an Adipocyte
- Plasma Membrane
- Basal Lamina
143
Juxtagromelural Apparatus of Kidney
- Macula Densa (dist. tub)
- Juxtaglomerular apparatus (smc renin)
- Extramesangial cells (next to vascular pole, phagocytosis & struct support)
144
Region in Calyx where Epithelium changes to Urothelium
Fornix
145
Appendix Testis Remnant
Müllerian Duct
146
Hoffbauer Cell
Macrophage of Placental Tertiary chronic villi
147
Fibrinoid
Pink blobs due to placental aging blocking gas exchange
