Neuro

Question 1

What is the Autonomic Spinal reflex center?

Answer 1

• Intermediomedial nucleus (IMM)
• Intermediolateral nucleus (IML)
  Found in the Lateral horn of the spinal cord (para, symp)

Question 2

Lamina I

Answer 2

• Marginal Zone (Posteromarginal nucleus)
• Input from Lissauer’s Tract
• Pain / Temp (nociceptive)

Question 3

Lamina II

Answer 3

• Substantia Gelatinosa (Rolando)
• Direct input from Dorsal sensory nerves
• Modulation of Pain reception

Question 4

Lamina III, IV, V

Answer 4

• Nucleus Proprius
• Carries Sensory info
• Light touch / Pain / Temp
  (V: Pain processing for Joints, Muscles, Skin)

Question 5

What Laminas make up the Dorsal horn?

Answer 5

Laminas I to IV

Question 6

Lamina V, VI

Answer 6

• Sensory afferent info
• Skin, Muscle, Joint (mechano-R)
  Proprioception

Question 7

Lamina VII

Answer 7

• Clark’s Column
• Proprioception (mucles)

Question 8

What Laminas make up the intermediate zone?

Answer 8

Laminas V to VII

Question 9

Lamina VIII

Answer 9

• Commissural Nucleus of Lenhossek
• Interneurons
• Axons cross in white commissure

Question 10

Lamina IX

Answer 10

• Large Motor neurons (a/y)
• Somatic / Visceral Motor-N

Question 11

Lamina X

Answer 11

Grey matter around the central canal

Question 12

Protopathic Sensibility

Answer 12

• Crude touch
• Temperature
• Pressure

Question 13

Proprioceptive Sensibility

Answer 13

Detection of movement & position of joints/muscles

Question 14

Epicritic Sensibility

Answer 14

• Fine touch
• Vibration
• Two-point discrimination

Question 15

Extrafusal muscle fiber

Answer 15

• Regular skeletal muscle fiber
• Innervated by a-Motor neuron

Question 16

Intrafusal muscle fiber

Answer 16

• Fibers inside muscle spindles for stretch detection
• Innervated by y-Motor neuron

Question 17

Proprioceptive reflex

Answer 17

Protects muscles from overstretch to help maintain balance
e.g: Patellar reflex

Question 18

What is the receptor in Proprioception?

Answer 18

Muscle spindles’ intrafusal fibers have type Ia sensory neurons that wrap around the spindles
(annulospiral nerve endings)

Question 19

Collateral inhibition

Answer 19

When a muscle in contracted that nerve also sends a signal to the inhibitory interneuron in the S.C to inhibit the antagonist muscle from opposing the action
(Antagonistic muscle pairs)

Question 20

Gamma-Loop

Answer 20

Stimulation of y-Motor neurons causing intrafusal fibers to contract/shorten causing which activates Spinal Proprioceptive reflex causing a-Motor neuron activation and more contraction

Question 21

Renshaw Cells

Answer 21

Prevent over-activation of a-Motor Neurons by activation of the Renshaw cell directly by the a-Motor neuron, or by Ia inhibitory interneurons.

Question 22

Golgi-Tendon Organ

Answer 22

Sends sensory signals (from tendon overstretch) to S.C using Ib sensory neurons to Ib inhibitory interneurons to inhibit a-Motor neurons from overstretching

Question 23

What is the receptor in Nociception?

Answer 23

Free Nerve Endings (nociceptors)
e.g Withdrawal Reflex

Question 24

What are motor neurons split into in Medulla?

Answer 24

• Ventrolateral
• Dorsomedial

Question 25

Ventrolateral motor axons path in Medulla

Answer 25

From Nucleus Ambiguous to join the Accessory (XI) and Vagus (X) Nerves

Question 26

Dorsomedial motor axons path in Medulla

Answer 26

From Hypoglossal Nucleus to Hypoglossal Nerve

Question 27

What is the only Viscerosensory nucleus for CNs?

Answer 27

Solitary nucleus in Medulla

Question 28

Nuclei of the Cerebellum

Answer 28

- Dentate - Emboliform - Globose - Fastigial (Dont eat greasy food)

Question 29

Parts of the Cerebellum

Answer 29

- Vesibulocerebellum (oldest) - Spinocerebellum - Cerebrocerebellum

Question 30

Layers of the Cerebellum

Answer 30

1) Inner Granular Layer 2) Purkinje/Ganglionic Layer 3) Outer Molecular Layer

Question 31

What types of cells are in Cerebellar Molecular layer?

Answer 31

- Stellate Cells - Basket cells (inh. interneurons)

Question 32

What types of cells are in Cerebellar Granular layer?

Answer 32

- Granule cells (glutamate only) - Golgi cells

Question 33

What are the largest neurons in the CNS

Answer 33

Purkinje cells in Cerebellum