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Question 1

What two main groups of antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis

Answer 1

Beta lactams

Glycopeptide

Question 2

Name the three subgroups of beta lactams

Answer 2

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
carbapenems

Question 3

Between pen v and pen g which is better orally absorbed

Answer 3

Penicillin v

Question 4

Which beta lactam is good against staphylococci

Answer 4

Flucloxacillin

Question 5

Give two examples of cephalosporins

Answer 5

Cefalexin

Ceftazidime

Question 6

Name two examples of carbapenems and what they do

Answer 6

Ertapenem- orally absorbed

Meropenem - very broad spectrum

Question 7

Mode of action of beta lactams

Answer 7

Block active site of penicillin binding protein and stops cross linking between cell wall components therefore is susceptible to osmotic lysis

Question 8

What are beta lactams often given in combination with and why

Answer 8

Beta lactamase inhibitors because many bacteria produce beta lactamases that hydrolyse the beta lactam ring and inactivate it

Question 9

Give an example of a beta lactamase inhibitor and an example of a well known combination

Answer 9

Clavulanic acid

Co-amoxiclav (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid)

Question 10

What is the mode of action of glycopeptide antibiotics

Answer 10

Block the binding site of the penicillin binding protein and stop cell wall cross-linking

Question 11

Give two examples of glycopeptide antibiotics

Answer 11

Vancomycin

Teicoplanin

Question 12

Name some bacteria that glycopeptides are useful for due to beta lactam resistance

Answer 12

MRSA
Coagulase negative staphylococci
Penicillin resistance entercocci and streptococci
Clostridium difficile

Question 13

Name the three groups of protein synthesis inhibitors

Answer 13

Macrolides 
Tetracyclines 
Aminoglycosides 
Rifamycins
Lincosamides

Question 14

Give two examples of macrolides

Answer 14

Erythromycin

Clarithromycin- community acquired pneumonia (legionella and mycoplasma)

Question 15

Give examples of tetracyclines

When you use them and when you don’t

Answer 15

doxycycline and tigecycline
Broad spectrum.
Not in pregnancy children or in neutropenia ( bacteriostatic)

Question 16

Give examples of aminoglycosides

Why do you have to be careful with them

Answer 16

Gentamicin- sepsis
Amikacin
Tobramycin - anti-pseudomonal in CF

Narrow therapeutic window

Question 17

How do protein synthesis inhibitors work?

Answer 17

Inhibit either the 30s subunit ( aminoglycosides, tetracyclines)
50s (macrolides, chloramphenicol)
Or mRNA ( rifamycins)

Question 18

Name two modes of DNA synthesis/replication inhibitors

Answer 18

Nucleotide synthesis- folate inhibition

DNA gyrase inhibition- stop unwinding for replication

Question 19

Name three groups of DNAsyn/rep inhibitors

Answer 19

Sulphonamides- folate synthesis inhibitors
Diaminopyrimidines- folate synthesis inhibitors
Quinolones- additions of fluorine atom - fluoroquinolones

Question 20

What are the groups of fungi

Answer 20

Yeasts, molds and diamorphic

Question 21

Give examples of mycosis

Answer 21

Tinea ( ringworm)
Candidiasis
Mucormycosis
Aspergillosis

Question 22

What are the three main groups of antifungal drugs

Answer 22

Azoles
Polyenes
Echinocandins

Question 23

How do triazoles act

Give examples of them

Answer 23

Inhibit ergosterol synthesis (fungal alternative to cholesterol of cell membrane)
Fluconazole

Question 24

How do Polyenes act

Give examples

Answer 24

Bind ergosterol

Amphotericin B
Nystatin

Question 25

How do Echinocandins act | give examples

Answer 25

Inhibit glucan ( cell wall) Caspofungin Micafungin

Question 26

Name all the modes of antibiotic action

Answer 26

Inhibits cell wall synthesis Inhibits protein synthesis Interferes with DNA synthesis and replication Disrupts cell membrane

Question 27

How is acyclovir selective

Answer 27

Only activated in infected cells Becomes concentrated in infected cells due to gradient Higher affinity for viral DNA polymerase then cellular enzymes