Immunisation Flashcards
(27 cards)
What is passive immunisation
Pre-formed antibody administration
Immediate protection
No memory and no immune response stimulated
What is an attenuated vaccine
Reduced virulence, multiply in host but with no/mild symptoms
System and mucosal memory and long lasting immunity
What are the risks for an attenuate vaccine
If immunodeficiency then potential for severe infection
Rarely converts to virulent strain
Storage is critical for stability
Give examples of attenuated vaccine s
MMR
BCG
Oral polio
What is a killed vaccine
Who do inactivated virus/bacteria
Don’t multiply, systemic immunity only
May need several doses
What is an adjuvant and when do you need it
Materials that give a general boost to the immune system, PAMP Binders
Aluminium hydroxide
Used with killed vaccines
Give examples of killed vaccines
Killed polio
Influenza
Pertussis
What is a subunit vaccine
Consists of parts of organisms/ their products
Induces response ( not natural infection)
Systemic immunity
Several doses and adjuvant needed
What are the benefits of a subunit vaccine
No risk of infection or reversion to virulence
No unwanted components
Give examples of subunit vaccines
Tetanus toxoid
Hep B
Hib
Group C menining
What contraindicates all vaccines
Acute illness
Servere reaction to previous dose of same vaccine
What contraindicates live vaccines
Pregnancy
Primary or secondary immunodeficiency
What situations are allergies and vaccines a problem
Influenza vaccine has traces of egg in
Some viral ones contain traces of antibiotics
In what patient treatments are vaccines ineffective
Live typhoid- antibiotics kill it
Immunoglobulin therapy
What is human immunoglobulin replacement therapy
Intravenous or subcutaneous Ig
Derived from pooled plasma (>1000 donors)
IgG 90% intact
Normal ratio of subclasses
Free of inflammatory mediators or infectious agents
When is immunoglobulin replacement therapy indicated
Primary- common variable immunodeficiency
- x-linked agammaglobulinaemia
- hyper -IgM syndrome
- t cell deficiency
Secondary - chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or multiple myeloma
- HIV infected children
- premature infants with recurrent infections
- early onset neonatal sepsis
What is active immunisation
Antigen administration to activate immunity and protection Specific immunity, memory Antibody and/or T cell responses Systemic and/or mucosal No immediate protection
What are hyper immune or specific immunoglobulin preparations made from
Plasma pre-screened for high titres of specific antibodies
Vaccinated volunteers
Uses of hyper immune immunoglobulin
Hepatitis rabies RSV Tetanus VZV CMV
What are monoclonal antibodies used for
Highly specific, selected for neutralising activity
Reduces risk of transferring infection
What are the biological activities of cytokines
Stimulation of cells of the immune system
Stimulation of inflammation stimulation of haematopoiesis
Anti-viral and anti-proliferative
How do you enhance neutrophil levels
Granule ute colony-stimulating factor
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulation factor
What are the anti-viral activities of interferon-alpha
Inhibit OK of viral replication and protein synthesis in infected cells
Stimulation of anti-viral immune response
What is interferon alpha used in the treatment of
Hep B
