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Question 1

development occurs…

Answer 1

Development occurs within a range that can differ from child to child. Not due to age-specific events.

Question 2

Example of biological development

Answer 2

CNS

Question 3

Define environmental factors of development + example

Answer 3

Environmental factors: Balance between parent expectations and developmental limits.

Eg: 2yrs cannot read but language development improves if read to

Question 4

Define schema

Answer 4

Units of knowledge. Increase in number and complexity as the child constructs an understanding of the world.

Question 5

Innate schemas examples (3)

Answer 5

Eg: sucking, grasping, rooting.

Question 6

Adaptation is (1) involves (2)

Answer 6

Intellectual growth occurs by adaptation.

Assimilation: Add information to existing schema

Accommodation: Existing schema is changed to allow new information.

Question 7

Define Assimilation

Answer 7

Assimilation: Add information to existing schema

Question 8

Define Accommodation

Answer 8

Accommodation: Existing schema is changed to allow new information.

Question 9

The force that advances development (1)

Answer 9

Equilibrium: Mental balance. The force that advances development

Question 10

Define Disequilibrium

Answer 10

• Disequilibrium: Mental unbalance. The force that allows schema to change to return to equilibrium

Question 11

Name of Piaget’s theory

Answer 11

theory of cognitive development

Question 12

Principles of Theory of cognitive development (4)

Answer 12

Same order for every child.

No stage can be missed.

Biological maturation and environmental factors affect the stages

Some never achieve later stages

Question 13

Stages of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (4) and ages

Answer 13

0-2 Sensorimotor stage
2-7 Preoperational stage
7-11 Concrete operations stage
12+ Formal operations stage

Question 14

Sensorimotor stage
Age
Headlines (2)

Answer 14

Sensorimotor Stage: 0-2

Immediate environment.

- Sensory input
- Motor capabilities

Object constancy and object permeance (Eg: mother).

Question 15

Preoperational Stage
Age
Headlines (4)

Answer 15

Preoperational Stage: 2-7

Manipulate images and symbols
Symbolism in pretend play
Egocentric view of world
No logical organization of thoughts. Eg: Unable to apply principles of conversation.

Question 16

Concrete Operations Stage
Age
Headlines (5)

Answer 16

Concrete Operations Stage: 7-11
Internal problem solving (concrete).
Basic math skills.
Can hold conversation.
Sort items, reverse direction of thinking, 2 concepts simultaneously.
Understand situation from another perspective.

Question 17

Formal Operations Stage
Age
Headlines (5)

Answer 17

Formal Operations Stage: 12+
Abstract concepts.
Logically test hypothesis.
Speculate about future.
Theoretical, philosophical and scientific reasoning.
Adolescents reinterpret and revise knowledge base.

Question 18

Sort items, reverse direction of thinking, 2 concepts simultaneously. What age

Answer 18

Concrete Operations Stage: 7-11

Question 19

Basic math skills. What age

Answer 19

Concrete Operations Stage: 7-11

Question 20

Manipulate images and symbols. What age

Answer 20

Preoperational Stage: 2-7

Question 21

Object constancy and object permeance. What age

Answer 21

Sensorimotor Stage: 0-2

Question 22

Logically test hypothesis. What age

Answer 22

Formal Operations Stage: 12+

Question 23

Theoretical, philosophical and scientific reasoning. What age

Answer 23

Formal Operations Stage: 12+

Question 24

Symbolism in pretend play. What age.

Answer 24

Preoperational Stage: 2-7

Question 25

Stages of Psychosocial development theory (5) +ages

Answer 25

``` 0-1 Trust vs Mistrust 1-2 Autonomy vs Shame/doubt 2-6 Initiative vs Guilt 6-12 Competence/Industry vs inferiority 12-20 Identity vs Role confusion ```

Question 26

Trust vs Mistrust. age and Positive outcomes (1)

Answer 26

0-1 Trust vs Mistrust Infants depend on others. Positive outcomes: Infant will trust if needs are met.

Question 27

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt. age and Positive outcomes: (2)

Answer 27

1-2 Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt Positive outcomes: Self control and confidence develop Encouraged to explore and reassured when mistakes made = Autonomy.

Question 28

Initiative vs Guilt. age and Positive outcomes: (2)

Answer 28

2-6 Initiative vs Guilt Adventure and play while learning to control impulses. Encouragement and consistent discipline = learn wrong/right

Question 29

``` Competence/Industry vs Inferiority age (1) Factors (2) Positive outcomes (1) Negative outcomes (1) ```

Answer 29

6-12 Competence/Industry vs Inferiority School: social and academic skills. Peers become key social agent. Positive outcomes: Pleasure in learning and productivity = sense of competence. Negative outcomes: Develop feelings of Inferiority

Question 30

``` Identity vs Role Confusion age (1) Factors (1) Positive outcomes (1) Negative outcomes (1) ```

Answer 30

12-20 Identity vs Role Confusion Who am I? Positive outcomes: Strong identity, ready for future Negative outcomes: Confusion. Unable to make decisions.

Question 31

Ages and stages 0-1 (2) Stages (4) Features

Answer 31

Sensorimotor/TrustMistrust Learns through sensory and motor experiences. Learning to control body. Early object permanence. Infant depends on caregivers to meet basic needs and respond to sensorimotor communications.

Question 32

Ages and stages 1-2 (2) Stages (3) Features

Answer 32

Sensorimotor/ Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt Still learn through sensory and motor experiences. Ability to walk expands sensory world Learn to explore for themselves. Self-control and Self-confidence develop

Question 33

Ages and stages 2-7 (2) Stages (6) Features

Answer 33

Preoperational / Initiative/Guilt Prominent language development. Fantasy/imaginary play Egocentric view of world. No formal logic. Impulse control develops with environment. Guilt can stem from egocentric view of world.

Question 34

Ages and stages 6-12 years: (2) Stages (6) Features

Answer 34

Concrete Operations Stage / Competence/Industry vs Inferiority Logical operations in relation to concrete objects Able to understand situation for another’s perspective. School is central part of life. Peers are key social agent. Compare selves to other children

Question 35

Ages and stages 12-20 years: (2) Stages (5) Features

Answer 35

Identity vs Role Confusion / Formal Operations Stage Who am I? Abstract, theoretical, philosophical and scientific reasoning possible. Cause and effect speculations occur. Question, reinterpret and revise knowledge base. Relies on society and peers to resolve inner conflicts