2. Angular limb deformities

Question 1

Ossification centres

Answer 1

• distal radial
• tibial epiphysis
• carpal bone
• tarsal bone

Ulnar styloid process — last ossification centre
Ossification progresses towards periphery

Question 2

Causes of incomplete ossification

Answer 2

• shortened gestation
• abnormal uterine position
• placental insufficiency, placentatis
• metabolic disease
• colic and shock

Question 3

4 grades of incomplete ossification

Answer 3

1: some cuboidal bones of carpus and tarsus have no evidence of ossification
2: all cuboidal bones have some evidence of ossification
3: all cuboidal bones are ossified but small and rounded edges are present. Joint spaces are wide, proximal physes of Mc3/Mt3 are closed
4: cuboidal bones are shaped