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PSYCH 2AA3 > 2 - Biological > Flashcards

2 - Biological Flashcards

Lessons 3-5 (59 cards)

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1
Q

How many chromosomes in a cell?

A

46

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2
Q

How many genes per 46 chromosomes?

A

25,000

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3
Q

How many molecules of DNA per chromosome

A

1 (if you get this wrong u fuckin bozo istg)

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4
Q

Genotype

A

Sum of all genes a person inherits

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5
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of a gene

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6
Q

Phenotype

A

Visual expression of genes

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7
Q

Do genes lend themselves to the concept of race?

A

NOPE, spectrum not categorical

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8
Q

Roughly what percentage of DNA do 2 people differ by

A

0.1% of DNA

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9
Q

True or false, specific base pairs in DNA can cluster according to geographic origin?

A

True

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10
Q

Sickle-cell disease

A

cells cannot pass through small capillaries & block WBC

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11
Q

Sickle-cell geniology

A
  • Recessive allele
  • Heterozygous phenotype
  • Protective trait against malaria, increased presence in places at high risk of malaria
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12
Q

Down-syndrome

A

Mental/motor delays, extra 21st chromosome

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13
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

Process of change in gene frequency over many generations

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14
Q

Natural selection

A

Environmental conditions allow certain members of a species to survive and pass genes to future generations

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15
Q

What do genes selected by evolutionary pressures depend on?

A

Environment our ancestors lived in

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16
Q

How does environment control genes?

A

Controls gene expression

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17
Q

Most psychological traits are manifested through…

A

Genes and environmental interactions

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18
Q

What kind of distribution does polygenic inheritance lead to?

A

Normal

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19
Q

Evolutionary theory of development

A

Selected traits may be maximally adaptive at that stage of development (i.e. clinginess in toddlerhood)

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20
Q

Heritability

A

Extent to which differences in a value can be e attributed to inheritance

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21
Q

Proportion of variance among population in trait results from ________

A

Genetic variability

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22
Q

How does greater variability in environment impact heritability?

A

Less heritability

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23
Q

Population level variance is explained by

A

evolutionary theories

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24
Q

Evolutionary theories CANNOT explain

Study These Flashcards
A

Individual outcomes

25
Developmental systems theory
Development occurs within a system of interacting levels (environment, behaviour, neural activity, genetic activity)
26
Epigenesis
Functional change in the genome not involving alteration in DNA sequence
27
Structure and function of DNA
Structure: DNA sequence (blueprint) Function: Gene expression (design)
28
How does experience lead to change in behaviour
Experience modifies chemistry of gene activity
29
Epigenetics - Skink Lizard
Mother exposed to snake (predator) = offspring has qualities that make them more difficult to become prey (i.e. Larger, longer tails etc.)
30
Outcome of the "good mothering" rat experiment (high grooming mothers)
Offspring have lower stress, will become HG mothers even if "adopted" by HG mother and not biologically related
31
Why do offspring of HG mothers have lower stress responses? (2)
- Demethylization -> allows for receptor formation -> better stress regulation (occurs by 6 days old) - Handling (in general) increases cortisol receptors in hippocampus
32
3 effects of environment theory
- passive - evocative - active
33
Passive effects
Genetically related parents providing rearing environments (parents pick environment based on what suited them)
34
Evocative effects
Child elicits responses from others, child's genotype is impacting their environment. (Happy baby will grow to think everyone is happy because the baby wasn't annoying)
35
Active effects
Child's genotype influences the environments they select
36
Impact of your environment depends on your _____
genotype
37
Conduct disorder risk factors (4)
- Maltreatment - Antisocial family members - Deviant peers - Inconsistent discipline/family stress/parental insensitivity
38
Conduct disorder treatment
CBT, family-oriented therapy best
39
Why don't all mistreated children develop conduct disorder?
MAMO gene mediates effect of maltreatment on later antisocial behaviour (greatly decreases development of conduct disorder)
40
When does the neural tube form
18-24 days after conception
41
What can result from the neural tube not closing?
Birth defects (i.e. spina bifida)
42
When does neurogenesis occur
5-28 weeks after conception
43
Where does neurogenesis occur
One region in neural tube
44
What rate does neurogenesis occur at?
4000/s
45
When does migration occur?
By 7 months
46
What is migration?
Neurons move to permanent locations in brain via glial cells
47
What is faulty migration associated with?
Neural disorders (i.e. epilepsy)
48
What is differentiation? (2)
- Neurons become larger and produce dendrites/longer axons - Neurons specialize
49
When do synapses form (synaptogenesis)
During differentiation
50
What is synaptic pruning?
Removal of neurons/synapses that aren't being used
51
Why are synapses pruned?
Improves efficiency in remaining neural connections
52
When do neural connections peak?
≈7 years old
53
What does the level of harm caused by teratogens depend on? (3)
Dose, genetic predisposition to susceptibility, time of exposure
54
How much alcohol during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome?
> 4oz/week
55
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
Physical brain damage caused prenatally that leads to cognitive and growth defects
56
What does nicotine use during pregnancy do to the baby?
- Low birth weight - Fetal/neonatal death - Respiratory issues - Shorter telomere length
57
Can a fetus hear what's going on outside?
Sounds like Charlie Brown's teacher, can likely only hear mother's vocal patterns
58
Who's voice to babies prefer?
Their mother's voice
59
Can a fetus taste?
Seem to make facial expressions indicating they can taste bitter and sweer

PSYCH 2AA3 (9 decks)

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