5 - Sensation and Perception

Question 1

Motor skills are

Answer 1

Solutions to goals

Question 2

Posture is a dynamic process between…

Answer 2

-sensory info in skin/joints/muscles
-vestibular organs (balance)
-visual/hearing

Question 3

At 2 months old, what is the expected posture?

Answer 3

Sit with support and hold head up

Question 4

At 6-7 months old, what is the expected posture?

Answer 4

Sit independently

Question 5

At 8-9 months old, what is the expected posture?

Answer 5

Pull up to standing

Question 6

At 10-12 months old, what is the expected posture?

Answer 6

Stand alone

Question 7

How does locomotor experience change the movement of infants?

Answer 7

Experienced in walking = more confident trying to walk in unusual terrain

Question 8

How does a mother’s engagement and expectation alter motor milestones

Answer 8

More engagement -> more experience -> milestones hit sooner

Question 9

Pros to children in sports

Answer 9

Physical fitness, self-esteem, perseverance, goal-oriented behaviour

Question 10

Cons to children in sports

Answer 10

Pressure, burnout, injury, stress

Question 11

Why do some children want to stop/change sports at a certain age?

Answer 11

Active genotype

Question 12

True or false, if a parent believes they have strong control over screen time, their children are usually more physically active?

Answer 12

True

Question 13

First step of fine motor skills (0-2)

Answer 13

Reaching and grasping

Question 14

What is needed for development of fine motor skills

Answer 14

Perceptual motor coupling

Question 15

Sensation

Answer 15

Activation of sensory receptors in response to external stimuli

Question 16

Perception

Answer 16

Interpretation of sensation

Question 17

How is a newborn’s perception and why

Answer 17

Minimal, brain not yet specialized

Question 18

4 methods for testing infants

Answer 18

• Preference paradigm
• Habituation
• Operant conditioning
• Violation of expectation paradigm

Question 19

Preference paradigm

Answer 19

Newborns respond differentially to what they find interesting vs boring

Question 20

How do babies differentiate stimuli

Answer 20

Contrast, poor visual acuity

Question 21

Why are newborns drawn to face-like patterns

Answer 21

Faces are top heavy, therefore they will prefer looking at top heavy patterns

Question 22

Why do babies prefer “attractive faces”

Answer 22

Average faces are seen as more attractive

Question 23

Do babies only prefer attractive human faces?

Answer 23

No

Question 24

Habituation/dishabituation

Answer 24

Response decreased to repeated presentations of same stimulus (habituation)
If response shown to different stimulus, it means the baby can perceive the difference

Question 25

If looking at an icon, what factor may prevent differentiating two separate icons

Answer 25

Outside border

Question 26

At what age do babies prefer to look at faces of their own race?

Answer 26

3 months

Question 27

Does experience or race matter more when it comes to own-race preference

Answer 27

Experience

Question 28

True or false, preference = differentiation

Answer 28

False

Question 29

At what age can babies discriminate phonemes?

Answer 29

1-4 months

Question 30

Operant conditioning in babies

Answer 30

The extent that they act more for a reward concludes that they like the reward

Question 31

High amplitude sucking

Answer 31

Sucking rate changes stimuli, if they stay on that stimulus they like it

Question 32

Who's voice do newborns prefer listening to?

Answer 32

Mother

Question 33

Why use conditioned head turning

Answer 33

Take advantage of infant's tendency to orient changes in sight and hearing

Question 34

Experience fine tunes __________

Answer 34

Perception

Question 35

What kind of tones do babies prefer

Answer 35

Mid-frequency tones (human vocal range)

Question 36

Do babies prefer baby-talk or normal speech?

Answer 36

Baby talk

Question 37

At 4-6 months, what aspects of music do babies prefer?

Answer 37

Natural pauses, consonant tones

Question 38

At 9-12, what aspects of music do babies show preference for?

Answer 38

Musical scales and rhythms of own cultures

Question 39

Intersensory redundancy

Answer 39

Perceptual system attuned to amodal information (not belonging to single sensory mode)

Question 40

What is a possible explanation for synethesia?

Answer 40

Not enough sensory differentiation occured

Question 41

Visual and tactile sensations infancy

Answer 41

Infants look longer at pacifiers that match the sensation of the one in their mouth

Question 42

True or false, facial expressions are naturally multi-sensory

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Why are redundant signals in infants beneficial

Answer 43

Make up for immature perceptual system

Question 44

Which would be better and discriminating phonemes, 10-month old American baby or 6-month old Japanese baby?

Answer 44

American baby