3 - Physical

Question 1

How does Nicotine impact fetuses?

Answer 1

Constricts blood vessels -> decreases oxygen flow and nutrients to fetus

Question 2

What does nicotine use during pregnancy increase the risk of?

Answer 2

• Miscarriage
• Premature birth
• Developmental impacts

Question 3

What are the 5 categories of the APGAR scale

Answer 3

Appearance (body colour)
Pulse
Grimace (reflex irritability)
Activity (muscle tone)
Respiration

Question 4

What does 7-10 on the APGAR scale mean?

Answer 4

Baby is big chilling

Question 5

What does 4-6 on the APGAR scale mean?

Answer 5

Moderately abnormal, potential developmental risk

Question 6

What does 0-3 on the APGAR scale mean?

Answer 6

Baby may not survive, potential decreased blood flow/oxygen to the brain

Question 7

Limitations of APGAR

Answer 7

• Only one point in time
• Sedation/anesthesia may impact baby’s reaction
• Tone/colour/reflex is subjective
• Partially depends on gestational age

Question 8

Grasping reflex

Answer 8

Hand grasp when touched

Question 9

Babinski reflex

Answer 9

Moving up and spreading out of toes in response to touch along foot

Question 10

Stepping reflex

Answer 10

Legs move automatically when feet feel solid surface

Question 11

Rooting reflex

Answer 11

Touch to corner of mouth -> turning of head towards source

Question 12

Moro startle reflex

Answer 12

Feeling of falling -> arms outstretched, palms up, thumb flexed

Question 13

Newborn imitation

Answer 13

Mimicking of facial expressions, likely to establish emotional bonds with caregivers

Question 14

How often to newborns cry per day?

Answer 14

2-3 hours

Question 15

“Basic” cry & what it signifies

Answer 15

Starts softly, gradually intensifies
Signifies hunger/fatigue/discomfort

Question 16

“Mad” cry

Answer 16

Intense crying, needs not met quickly

Question 17

“Pain” cry

Answer 17

Sudden long shriek followed by pause, gasp, then more crying

Question 18

What age should you begin letting baby cry and learn to self-soothe?

Answer 18

3 months

Question 19

How fast does damage occur in shaken baby syndrome?

Answer 19

5 seconds

Question 20

What is shaken baby syndrome?

Answer 20

Head trauma sustained by rough shaking, brain hits skull -> bleeding/bruising/swelling -> lack of O2 -> brain damage

Question 21

What is considered a preterm baby

Answer 21

under 37 weeks

Question 22

What is a low birth weight in a newborn?

Answer 22

Under 2500g

Question 23

What can cause LBW

Answer 23

• Teen mothers
• Medical issues
• Drug use
• Mental illnesses
• Poor access to prenatal care

Question 24

Kangaroo care

Answer 24

Infant in only diaper is held skin-to-skin against mother’s breast under her clothing

Question 25

Benefits of kangaroo care

Answer 25

Babies have regular HR and better sleep, mothers have better lactation

Question 26

Impacts of massage therapy

Answer 26

Reduced stress behaviour in babies (crying, grimacing, startling)

Question 27

Preterm/LBW have an impact on

Answer 27

Memory (decreased hippocampal volume)

Question 28

What are some immediate symptoms of shaken baby syndrome?

Answer 28

Bruising, seizure, decreased consciousness, respiratory difficulty

Question 29

What are some lasting symptoms of shaken baby syndrome?

Answer 29

Cognitive issues, visual impairment, intellectual deficits

Question 30

Cephalocaudal pattern

Answer 30

Fastest growth occurs at top and then moves down

Question 31

Differences in height/weight as children grow depend on ___ (3)

Answer 31

Genetics, environmental factors, nutrition

Question 32

What causes individual differences in puberty onset/progression?

Answer 32

Nutrition, body fat, exercise

Question 33

What causes timing of puberty?

Answer 33

Genetics and environmental factors

Question 34

What 3 brain structures control puberty?

Answer 34

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonands

Question 35

Do hormones = behaviour?

Answer 35

NO, predisposition and societal factors >

Question 36

Why do girls have more body issues during puberty?

Answer 36

Causes more fat storage

Question 37

What are the evocative genetic effects caused by early onset of puberty (girls)

Answer 37

Smoking, drinking, depression, EDs, delinquent behaviour

Question 38

Neuronal activation patterns/synapse plasticity is strongest in

Answer 38

early development

Question 39

How does the brain accommodate to a lesion/loss in one part of the brain at a young age?

Answer 39

Rewires brain

Question 40

What happens if there is a lesion/loss in the stronger side of the brain (for the task)

Answer 40

Weaker side also experiences loss/reduction

Question 41

True or false, all areas of the brain develop synaptic density at the same rate

Answer 41

False

Question 42

Why is the thickening of corpus callousum during adolescence beneficial?

Answer 42

Better communication between hemispheres

Question 43

Why do adolescents act based on emotion?

Answer 43

Amygdala matures before prefrontal cortex

Question 44

Do high IQ or low IQ brains go through the most change from childhood to adolescence

Answer 44

High IQ

Question 45

Why does cortical thickness change during prenatal development?

Answer 45

Formation of neurons/dendrites/synapses

Question 46

Why does cortical thickness change during childhood/adolescence?

Answer 46

Proliferation of myelination (thickening)

Question 47

Why does cortical thickness change during adolescence?

Answer 47

Usage-dependent pruning of synapses (thinning)

Question 48

When is the most REM sleep needed?

Answer 48

Infancy

Question 49

What stage of development of you need most sleep?

Answer 49

Earlier in development 0-2 yrs

Question 50

Why does the brain use REM sleep

Answer 50

Brain is re-activating same neural patterns used in daily experiences to organize/store info in memory

Question 51

REM sleep impact on learning

Answer 51

Important when learning something new

Question 52

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 52

Infant stops breathing suddenly at night while sleeping

Question 53

Does co-sleeping have a correlation to SIDS?

Answer 53

Yes

Question 54

How many hours of sleep do adolescents need?

Answer 54

8-10 hours/night

Question 55

Why is it significant that the prefrontal cortex is susceptible to sleep loss?

Answer 55

Still developing in teens

Question 56

Why do older teens sleep & wake up later?

Answer 56

Change in melatonin production