2- cell structure

Question 1

nucleus

Answer 1

contains genetic material in chromosomes which controls how the cell works and grows
controls cell division

Question 2

cytoplasm

Answer 2

• supports cell structures
• site of many chemical reactions
• contain water and many solutes

Question 3

cell membrane

Answer 3

• holds cell together

- controls substances entering and leaving the cell

Question 4

chloroplasts

Answer 4

-site of photosynthesis

Question 5

vacuole

Answer 5

• contains cell sap
• used for storage of certain material
• also helps support the shape of the cell

Question 6

mitochondiria

Answer 6

-site of aerobic respiration, providing energy for the cell

Question 7

what does the amount of mitochondria depend on?

Answer 7

cells with higher metabolism will have more mitochondria

Question 8

ribosomes

Answer 8

-site of protein production in protein synthesis

Question 9

vesicles

Answer 9

-used to safety transport substances from. one part of the cell to another

Question 10

an animal cell contains-

Answer 10

nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm

Question 11

a plant cell contains-

Answer 11

nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

Question 12

cell wall

Answer 12

gives the cell extra support and defines the shape

Question 13

when a cell differentiates…

Answer 13

it develops a structure and composition of subcellular structures which enables the cell to carry out a certain function

Question 14

what happens to the multicellular organisms when they develop?

Answer 14

their cells differentiate to form specialised cells

Question 15

in an animal most cells differentiate…

Answer 15

at an early stage of development so as a result the animal cells lose their ability to differentiate early in the life of the organism

Question 16

undifferentiated cells are called

Answer 16

adult stem cells

Question 17

what do adult stem cells do?

Answer 17

replace and repair cells

Question 18

plants differentiate…

Answer 18

throughout their whole lives not just the early stages of development

Question 19

specialised cells are

Answer 19

those which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions

Question 20

what are specialised cells controlled by?

Answer 20

genes in the nucleus

Question 21

cells specialise by undergoing

Answer 21

differentiation

Question 22

differentiation

Answer 22

process by which cells develop the structure and characteristics needed to be able to carry out their functions

Question 23

stem cell

Answer 23

undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of dividing to produce many more cells of the same type

Question 24

meristem cells

Answer 24

cells in plants that can differentiate into the cells needed by the plant in regions where growth is occuring

Question 25

modern science means its possible to grow..

Answer 25

human embryos in the lab and extract embryonic stem cells from them

Question 26

modern science made embryonic stem cells can be encouraged to...

Answer 26

differentiate into most type of specialised cells

Question 27

there is potential for scientists to use stem cell technology to..

Answer 27

repair damaged organs by growing news tissues from stem cells

Question 28

how can stem cells help diabetes (type 1)

Answer 28

stem cells could be differentiated into insulin- producing pancreatic cells which are transplanted into the patients body

Question 29

where can scientists get stem cells

Answer 29

stem cell donors or therapeutic cloning

Question 30

how can stem cells help paralysis

Answer 30

stem cells could be differentiated into nerve cells (neurones) which are transplanted into the damaged region of the nervous system

Question 31

therapeutic cloning

Answer 31

an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient

Question 32

benefits of using stem cells in medicine

Answer 32

- great potential to treat a wide variety of diseases | - organs developed from patients own stem cells would decrease risk of rejection and the wait of organ donation

Question 33

risks/issues of using stem cells in medicine

Answer 33

- stem cells made in a lab could be infected with a virus and that could be transmitted to patient - cultured stem cells could accumulate mutations which can lead to the development of cancer cells - low numbers of stem cell doners

Question 34

social issues of using stem cells in medicine

Answer 34

- lack of evidence of the success of stem cells - stem cells can be collected pre birth (from amniotic fluid) or after birth (umbilical cord) and stored in clinic but this is expensive

Question 35

ethical issues of using stem cells in medicine

Answer 35

- stem cells may be sourced from unused embryos in IVF treatment but is it right to use them? when does life begin? - is it right to make embryos through therapeutic cloning and then destroy them? who owns them? - should an embryo be treated as a person with human rights? or as a commodity?