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anatomy & physiology ll > 2. Circulatory: Blood > Flashcards

2. Circulatory: Blood Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  1. Transport of nutrients, hormones, waste
  2. maintenance of body pH
  3. regulation of body temperature
  4. involvement in body defense and immunity
  5. blood clotting

Blood plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the body.

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2
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Hematopoiesis is the process by which blood cells are formed.

this is done by differentiation

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3
Q

What is the precursor cell for all blood cells?

A

Pluripotent stem cell (hemocytoblasts)

These stem cells can differentiate into various types of blood cells.

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4
Q

True or False: Blood is involved in body defense and immunity.

A

True

Blood components like white blood cells play a key role in immune responses.

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5
Q

What is the liquid portion of blood called?

A

Blood Plasma

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6
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

55%

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7
Q

What is the primary component of blood plasma?

A

Water

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8
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A

Red blood cells, Platelets, White blood cells

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9
Q

What percentage of blood is made up of formed elements?

A

45%

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: Blood plasma is composed of _______.

A

Water, Plasma proteins, Other solutes

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11
Q

True or False: White blood cells are part of the formed elements in blood.

A

True

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12
Q

What are the main components of plasma proteins?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
  3. Fibrinogen

inogen= inactive form of enzyme (ex. fibrinogen is the inactive form of fibrin)

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13
Q

Where is blood plasma made?

A

In the liver

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14
Q

Name some of the substances found in the 2% of blood plasma.

A
  • Electrolytes (ions)
  • Nutrients
  • Hormones
  • Gases
  • Waste products
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15
Q

What are the cellular components of blood formed by?

A

Red bone marrow of spongy bone

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16
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

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17
Q

Do erythrocytes have a nucleus?

A

No

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18
Q

What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

A

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body

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19
Q

What molecule do erythrocytes use to transport gases?

20
Q

What are leukocytes?

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A

White blood cells

21
Q

What is the role of leukocytes?

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A

Part of the body’s defense

22
Q

True or False: There are different types of leukocytes, each with a specific role.

23
Q

What are platelets also known as?

24
Q

Are platelets considered cells?

25
What are platelets involved in?
Blood clotting
26
Do platelets contain nuclei or hemoglobin?
No
27
What is the normal hematocrit range for males and females?
37%-47% for females 32%- 52% for males ## Footnote Normal hematocrit levels indicate the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells.
28
What condition is indicated by a depressed (low) hematocrit percentage?
Anemia ## Footnote Anemia results from fewer red blood cells and more plasma, which can lead to low blood pressure.
29
What condition is indicated by an elevated hematocrit percentage?
Polycythemia ## Footnote Polycythemia results from too many red blood cells and less plasma, which can lead to high blood pressure.
30
What is the main function of leukocytes?
To fight against infection and disease ## Footnote Leukocytes, or white blood cells, play a crucial role in the immune response.
31
What percentage of white blood cells (WBC) do neutrophils comprise? And what is its function?
60-70% Engulf foreign particles and secrete lysozyme ## Footnote Lysozyme is an antibacterial enzyme. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells.
32
What percentage of white blood cells (WBC) do eosinophils comprise? and what is its function?
1-4% Eosinophils are primarily involved in anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic actions.
33
What percentage of white blood cells (WBC) do basophils comprise? and what does it release?
0-1% releases Inflammatory molecules (e.g. histamine) ## Footnote Histamine plays a key role in allergic reactions. Basophils are the least common type of white blood cells.
34
What percentage of white blood cells (WBC) do monocytes comprise? and what is its function?
1-6% Engulf particles (as macrophages) ## Footnote Monocytes can differentiate into macrophages. Macrophages are important for phagocytosis and immune response.
35
What percentage of white blood cells (WBC) do lymphocytes comprise?
20-25% ## Footnote Lymphocytes are crucial for the adaptive immune response.
36
What are the two main types of lymphocytes?
T cells and B cells ## Footnote T cells recognize and kill foreign cells, while B cells produce antibodies.
37
What do T cells do?
Recognize and kill foreign cells ## Footnote T cells are essential for cell-mediated immunity.
38
What do B cells produce?
Antibodies (as plasma cells) ## Footnote Antibodies are vital for humoral immunity.
39
What is blood viscosity?
Thickness of blood ## Footnote Blood viscosity is influenced by the amount of blood cells and proteins present.
40
What factors affect blood viscosity?
Amount of blood cells and proteins ## Footnote Higher levels of these components increase blood thickness.
41
How does blood viscosity impact the cardiovascular system?
Changes in viscosity affect blood pressure. ## Footnote Greater friction against blood vessel walls leads to higher blood pressure.
42
What stimulates erythrocyte production?
Decreased oxygen levels ## Footnote This triggers the release of erythropoietin from the kidneys.
43
What hormone is released when oxygen levels decrease?
Erythropoietin ## Footnote Erythropoietin helps increase oxygen supply to tissues.
44
Where does erythropoietin stimulate red blood cell production?
Red bone marrow ## Footnote This process is crucial for maintaining adequate red blood cell levels.
45
List the conditions that can lead to the release of erythropoietin.
1. Decreased blood volume 2. blood loss 3. Dehydration 4. Low oxygen supply ## Footnote These conditions signal the need for more red blood cells.

anatomy & physiology ll (16 decks)

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