4. Lymphatic And Immune System

Question 1

What are the 4 main components of the lymphatic system?

Answer 1

Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils)

Question 2

What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 2

1. Returns fluid to the cardiovascular system
2. Matures lymphocytes
3. Transports fats and dietary substances absorbed in the small intestine

Question 3

What do you call interstitial fluid when i enters the lymphatic system?

Answer 3

It becomes lymph

Question 4

Where do the right and left lymphatic ducts drain?

Answer 4

Right duct drains into right subclavian vein, left duct drains into left subclavian vein

Question 5

What is resistance?

Answer 5

ability to fight against or prevent disease

Question 6

What is susceptibility?

Answer 6

lack of resistance

Question 7

What is a pathogen?

Answer 7

living things that can cause disease (eg. bacteria,
viruses, parasites)

Question 8

What is disease?

Answer 8

when pathogens invade cells and take over the cell’s
machinery, causing cells to no longer function properly

Can hijack the ribosomes in the cell so it makes proteins that the pathogen needs and no what you need, then kills the cell through lysis

Question 9

What are the 2 parts of the immune system

Answer 9

Innate immunity and adaptive immunity

Question 10

What are 3 examples of physical barriers in innate immunity?

Answer 10

Skin, mucous membranes and mucous

Question 11

What are 3 examples of chemical barriers in innate immunity?

Answer 11

Gastric juices, acidic ph of skin, lysozyme in tears and saliva

Question 12

What is flora?

Answer 12

Normal flora are microbes that establish fairly permanent residence but will not cause disease under normal circumstances

Large intestine has big flora

Question 13

What is part of the first line of defense in innate immunity

Answer 13

Physical barriers, chemical factors
And normal flora

Question 14

What is the second line of defense?

Answer 14

Phagocytes and natural killer cels, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances

Question 15

What are phagocytes?

Answer 15

White blood cells that engulf and digest pathogens

Question 16

What type of lymphocytes kills infected cells in innate immunity?

Answer 16

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

Question 17

What causes inflammation and its 4 symptoms/signs

Answer 17

Histamines are released to respond to injury to destroy invading pathogens, prevent spreading infection and begin repair.
The signs are redness, swelling, pain and heat (loss of function in severe cases)

Question 18

Why is having a fever beneficial

Answer 18

It inhibits bacterial growth and speeds up immune response

Pathogens and cytokines cause release of prostaglandins
which reset the hypothalamus to an abnormally high body temperature

Question 19

What is the 3rd line of defence?

Answer 19

Adaptive immunity: specialized lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) and antibodies

This is unique to each individual

Question 20

What is the complement system?

Answer 20

A series of proteins that enhance the immune response

Act in a cascade, meaning one reaction triggers another and so forth (for amplification)

Question 21

What are antigens

Answer 21

Foreign substances that trigger an immune response

Question 22

What are the two branches of adaptive immunity?

Answer 22

Cell mediated immmunity (T cells)
And humoral immunity (b cells)

T cells mediated from Thymus
B cells mediated from Bone marrow

Question 23

What type of cell activates both adaptive immunity pathways

Answer 23

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Question 24

What is an antigen presenting cell

Answer 24

An APC is a special macrophage that engulfs and break up the pathogen and then display some of the pathogens antigens on the outside of its membrane so other cells can detect it

Question 25

How does the body recognize antigens?

Answer 25

1. **Free-floating pathogens** can display their own antigens which can be detected by the immune system 2. Special macrophages circulating in blood engulf and break up the pathogen and then “display” some of the pathogen’s antigens on outside of its membrane. Now called an **antigen presenting cell (APC)** 3. Pathogens can escape detection by macrophages and infect cells which can respond by displaying some of the pathogen’s antigens on the outside of its membrane = **flagging for help**

Question 26

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 26

They kill infected human cells

Question 27

What happens when a T cells mediated is sensitized

Answer 27

It replicates and differentiates into earths a helper T cells mediated, a memory T cell or a cytotoxic T cell

Question 28

What happens in the T cells mediated pathway when the antigen returns

Answer 28

The memory T cells from first time lie in wait, they will then differentiate into cytotoxic T cells quickly and kill infected. Cells. More memory T cells will also be made

Question 29

What is the function of helper T cells

Answer 29

“helps” boost the process along by secreting substances (cytokines) will activate b pathway if not already activated.

Question 30

Which stem cells differentiate into B cells

Answer 30

Cells that remain in the spleen or liver

Question 31

What do plasma cells produce

Answer 31

Antibodies ## footnote B cells can differentiate into plasma cells

Question 32

What happens when a antigen invades the body in the B pathway

Answer 32

B cell is activated by free pathogen or helper T cell B cell will differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells. Plasma cells will rapidly produce antibodies specific to the antigen. Memory B cells act like memory T cells and remember the antigen

Question 33

What happens when an antigen returns in the B pathway

Answer 33

Population of memory B cells lie in waiting • When the antigen shows up again, the army of memory B cells rapidly differentiates into more plasma cells and memory B cells

Question 34

What are the 4 functions of antibodies

Answer 34

1. Opsonization: allows to be easily detected 2. Agglutination: clumping/binding 3. Neutralization: cannot cause disease 4. Activation of complement system

Question 35

What is immunological intolerance

Answer 35

The ability of the immune system to distinguish self from nonself and avoid attacking the body’s own tissue

Question 36

When is immunological intolerance developed

Answer 36

During the maturation of lymphocytes

Question 37

What is it called when you lose immunological tolerance

Answer 37

An autoimmune disorder ## footnote Self checking mechanisms malfunction

Question 38

What is the purpose of vaccination

Answer 38

To induce a primary immune response without causing disease

Question 39

What are the 5 types of vaccines

Answer 39

1. Inactivated or killed (influenza,) 2. Live attenuated (MMR) 3. Toxoid (tetanus) 4. Subunit (HPV, HEP B) 5. mRNA (nuclei’s acid) ( covid19)

Question 40

What does HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) lead to

Answer 40

AIDS (acquired immune defiency syndrome)

Question 41

What type of immune cells does HIV destroy

Answer 41

Helper T cells

Question 42

Why does AIDS weaken the immune system

Answer 42

Without Helper T cells, B cells and Cytotoxic T Cells cannot function properly

Question 43

What types of infections become common in AIDS patients

Answer 43

Opportunistic infections ## footnote Without a strong immune system, become susceptible to infections