(2) EVOLUTION OF MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
During this time, as many as 11 different types of fossils of primitive microorganisms have been found in ancient rock formations in Western Australia
A
3.5 billion years ago
2
Q
During this time, animals made their appearance on earth
A
900 and 650 million years ago
3
Q
During this time, humans have existed
A
Past 100,000 years or so
4
Q
First microorganisms on Earth
A
Cyanobacteria and Archaeans
5
Q
During this time, a plague (an epidemic) broke out in Egypt
A
3180 BC
6
Q
During this time, an outbreak of a smallpox-like disease originating from China spread worldwide
A
1122 BC
7
Q
The exhumed mummified remains of _______ showed lesions resembling smallpox
A
Rameses V
8
Q
States that life may arise from non-living matter
A
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
9
Q
States that life must arise from pre-existing life
A
Theory of Biogenesis
10
Q
- Proposed that invisible organisms may be involved in disease
- Proposed that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable tiny particles or “spores”
A
Girolamo Fracastoro (1546)
11
Q
- Englishman who explored various matter with a compound microscope
- Discovered the smallest structural units were little boxes called “cells”
A
Robert Hooke (1660)
12
Q
- Demonstrated that animals do not arise spontaneously from dead organic matter
A
Francesco Redi (1668)
13
Q
- The first to describe bacteria and protozoa using a small, simple microscope
- Known as the “Father of Microbiology”
- “Animacules”
A
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1676)
14
Q
- He demonstrated experiments that seemed to show that there was a life force that produced spontaneous generation
A
John Needham (1745)
15
Q
- Demonstrated that heated broth, in the absence of air, do not support spontaneous generation
- Challenged the claim of John Needham
A
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1770)
16
Q
- An English surgeon who introduced the first vaccine against smallpox
- Explained the effectivity of using cowpox vaccine as an immunization for smallpox in humans
A
Edward Jenner (1796)
17
Q
- A Hungarian Physician who substantiated his theory that childbed fever is a contagious disease transmitted to women by their physicians during childbirth
- Postulated the theory of washing with chlorinated lime solutions
A
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1847-1850)
18
Q
- London physician who demonstrated the epidemic spread of cholera through a water supply contaminated with human sewage
A
John Snow (1853-1854)
19
Q
- Challenged abiogenesis with the theory of biogenesis as summarized by his famous statement: “omnis cellula e cellula”
A
Rudolf Virchow (1858)
20
Q
- A French Biologist who studied about the bacterial contamination of wine
- Stated that specific microbes produce a specific fermentation product
A
Louis Pasteur (1857)
21
Q
- Developed techniques for selective destruction of microorganisms (pasteurization)
A
Louis Pasteur (1857)
22
Q
- Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation through definitive experiments
- He introduced the terms “aerobes” and “anaerobes”
A
Louis Pasteur (1861)
23
Q
- Discovered the infectious agents that caused the silkworm disease that crippled the silk industry of France
A
Louis Pasteur (1868)
24
Q
- Made significant contributions to the Germ Theory of Disease
- Developed vaccines for anthrax in animals
- Developed a special vaccine for rabies
A
Louis Pasteur (1881 and 1885)
25
- An English surgeon who published his first work about antiseptic surgery
- Applied phenol (carbolic acid) to kill bacteria
Joseph Lister (1867)
26
- A prominent 19th century physicist who demonstrated that open tubes of broth remained free of bacteria if air was free of dust
- Developed tyndallization (fractional sterilization) to destroy spores
Joseph Tyndall (1876-1877)
27
- Observed anthrax in cattle and identified Bacillus anthracis as its causative agent
Robert Koch (1876-1877)
28
- Introduced the use of pure culture techniques for handling bacteria in the laboratory
- Developed solid culture media (agar) as suggested by Fannie Hesse
Robert Koch (1881)
28
- A Danish physician who devised the gram-staining technique for differentiating bacteria
Hans Christian Gram (1884)
28
- A Russian biologist who was the first to discover viruses (tobacco-mosaic virus) and showed that it can be transmitted in a cell-free infiltrate
Dmitri Ivanovsky (1892)
28
- Discovered the pathogen for TB (1882)
- Developed postulates in proving the cause of infectious disease (1884)
Robert Koch
28
- A German physiologist who developed the method for producing immunity by using antitoxin against diptheria
Emil Adolf von Behring (1890)
28
In 1887, Robert Koch's laboratory assistant ______ invented a round shallow dish with a flat bottom and vertical sides to hold agar or gelatin growth media
Julius Richard Petri (Petri Dish)
29
- An Italian zoologist known for his work demonstrating that mosquitoes carry malaria parasite Plasmodium in their digestive tract
Giovanni Battista Grassi (1898)
30
- A British doctor who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on Malaria
- Discovered the malarial parasite to be residing in the GI tract of the Anopheles mosquito
Sir Ronald Ross (1998)
31
- An English nurse who developed modern nursing techniques and procedures for organizing hospitals to reduce the spread of diseases
Florence Nightingale (19th Century)
32
- A German zoologist and a German dermatologist, respectively, who coined that Syphilis is shown to be caused by Treponema pallidum
Fritz Richard Schaudinn and Erich Hoffman
33
- A German scientist who formulated the Humoral Theory of Resistance
- Developed new staining techniques
- Developed the very first chemotherapeutic agent to combat syphilis (Salvarsan)
Paul Ehrlich (1908)
34
- An American pathologist who discovered viruses that could induce cancer
Francis Rous (1910)
35
- A Scottish bacteriologist who discovered and described the properties of the first antibiotic (Penicillin)
Sir Alexander Fleming (1929)
36
- A German physicist and a German electrical engineer, respectively, who developed the first electron miscroscope
Ernst August Friedrich Ruska and Bodo von Borries (1933-1938)
37
- An American medical researcher and virologist who developed the first Polio Vaccine
Jonas Salk (1954)
38
- An American microbiologist who developed the first version of the Hepatitis B Vaccine from virus isolated from fresh human blood
Maurice Ralph Hilleman (1982)
39
- A French virologist and an American biomedical researcher, respectively, known for the isolation and characterization of HIV
Luc Antoine Montagnier and Robert Charles Gallo (1983)
40
- A Chilean biochemist dedicated to biotechnology development, known for the discovery of the Hepatitis C Virus and the invention of the first recombinant vaccine against Hepatitis B Virus, the vaccine still in use today
Pablo DT Valenzuela (1986)
