(7) HOST RESISTANCE AND INFECTION Flashcards by Rayben William Sanchez

Includes the first and second line of defense

Non-specific Host Resistance

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Includes immunology and the two major arms of the immune system
Hypersensitivity and hypersensitivity reactions

Specific Host Resistance (Third Line of Defense)

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Includes the skin and mucous membranes, cellular and chemical factors, and microbial antagonism

First Line of Defense

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Includes transferrin, fever, interferons, complement system, acute-phase proteins, cytokines, inflammation, and phagocytosis

Second Line of Defense

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Includes humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

Third Line of Defense

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General and serve to protect the body against many harmful substances
Includes the innate or inborn resistance observed among species of animals and some persons who have a natural resistance to certain diseases

Non-specific Host Defense

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Physical/mechanical barriers
Includes intact and unbroken skin
Sticky mucus entrap invaders

First Line of Defense

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Chemical factor on the skin that are part of the first line of defense

Sebum

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Chemical factors found in saliva, tears, mucus, and colostrum that are part of the first line of defense

Secretory IgA, Lysozyme, and Lactoperoxidase

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Low pH is a chemical factor that is part of the first line of defense
1. Skin - ______
2. Gastric Acid - _______
3. Vagina - ______

(1) pH 5.5
(2) pH 1-3
(3) pH 4.4

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Chemical factors in epithelial cells that are part of the first line of defense

Beta Defensins

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Chemical factor in gastric mucosal defenses that are part of the first line of defense

Pepsin

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FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
Factors accounting for skin’s ability to resist pathogens:
* (1) _____ of most areas of the skin
* (2) _________
* (3) _________
* (4) _________
* sloughing of (5) ______

(1) dryness
(2) acidity and temperature
(3) sebum
(4) perspiration
(5) dead skin cells

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FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
Factors accounting for mucous membranes’ ability to resist pathogens:
* (1) _____ production
* (2) _______
* (3) _______ - production superoxide radicals
* rapid (4) ______
* (5) _____ coverings

(1) lysozyme
(2) lactoferrin
(3) lactoperoxidase
(4) cell division
(5) mucociliary

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FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
Protection of the digestive system:
* (1) _______
* (2) ______ of the stomach
* (3) ______ of the intestines
* (4) _______
* (5) _______

(1) digestive enzymes
(2) acidity
(3) alkalinity
(4) bile
(5) peristalsis & defecation

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FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
Protection of the GUT:
* (1) ______
* expulsion of (2) ______
* acidity of the (3) ______

(1) urination
(2) mucus secretions
(3) vagina

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FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
_______ fight the invasion of new microorganisms in a particular anatomical site.

Resident microbes (First Line of Defense)

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The inhibitory capability of the indigenous microflora has been attributed to the following factors:
* competition for colonization sites
* competition for nutrients
* production of substances that kill other bacteria - bacteriocins

Microbial Antagonism (First Line of Defense)

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A factor of microbial antagonism that is the production of substances that kill other bacteria

Bacteriocins (First Line of Defense)

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A glycoprotein with a high affinity to iron
FUNCTION: Store and deliver iron to host cells

Transferrin (Second Line of Defense)

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Body temperature greater than 37.8 ̊C

Fever (Second Line of Defense)

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SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
Fever augments the host’s defense by:
* stimulating (1) _____
* reducing available (2) _____
* inducing the production of (3) _____

(1) leukocytes
(2) free plasma iron
(3) IL-1

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SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
The following scenario illustrates one way in which fever develops during an infectious disease:
1. A patient has ______ caused by gram (-) bacteria.

The bacteria releases ______ into the patient’s bloodstream.
______ ingest the endotoxin.
The ingested endotoxin stimulates the phagocytes to produce ______.
IL-1 stimulates the hypothalamus to produce ______.
Once metabolized, the prostaglandins cause the hypothalamic thermostat to be set at a ______.
The increased thermostatic reading sends out signals to the nerves surrounding the peripheral blood vessels, causing _______.
The increased body heat continues until the temperature of the blood supplying the hypothalamus matches the _______.

(1) septicemia
(2) endotoxin
(3) Phagocytes
(4) IL-1
(5) prostaglandins
(6) higher level
(7) vasoconstriction
(8) elevated thermostat reading

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SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
Detrimental effects of fever:
* increased (1) _____
* increased (2) _____
* increased (3) _____
* mild to severe (4) _____

(1) HR
(2) metabolic rate
(3) caloric demand
(4) dehydration

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* Small, antiviral proteins produced by virus-infected cells * Not virus-specific; but species-specific

Interferons (Second Line of Defense)

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE * Three types of interferons: 1. ____ (B-cells, monocytes, macrophages) 2. ____ (fibroblasts, other virus-infected cells) 3. ____ (T-cells and NK cells)

(1) Alpha (2) Beta (3) Gamma

A group of approximately 30 different proteins found in normal blood plasma

Complement (Second Line of Defense)

The proteins interact with each other in a stepwise manner known as the “complement cascade.”

Complement System (Second Line of Defense)

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE *The major consequences of complement activation are the following: 1. Initiation and amplification of ______ 2. Attraction of ______ to sites where they are needed 3. Activation of ______ 4. _____ of bacteria and other foreign cells 5. Increased ______ by phagocytic cells

(1) inflammation (2) phagocytes (3) leukocytes (4) Lysis (5) phagocytosis

* Enhances resistance to infection and promoting repair of damaged tissue * Includes the following: C-Reactive Proteins, Serum Amyloid A Proteins, Protease Inhibitors, Coagulation Proteins

Acute-Phase Proteins (Second Line of Defense)

* Chemical mediators * Enable cells to communicate w/ each other * Chemical messengers

Cytokines (Second Line of Defense)

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE * Some cytokines are _______, recruiting phagocytes to location, and direct role in host defense

chemoattractants

* Normal response to any local injury, irritation, microbial invasion, or bacterial toxin

Inflammation (Second Line of Defense)

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE * The three major events in acute inflammation: 1. An increase in the _______, which increases blood flow to the site. 2. Increased _______, allowing the escape of plasma and plasma proteins. 3. Egress (exit) of _______ from the capillaries and their accumulation at the site of injury.

(1) diameter of capillaries (vasodilation) (2) permeability of the capillaries (3) leukocytes

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE * Primary purposes of the inflammatory response: 1. Localize an ______ 2. Prevent the spread of ______ 3. Neutralize any _____ being produced at the site 4. Aid in the repair of ______

(1) infection (2) microbial invaders (3) toxins (4) damaged tissue

Accumulation of fluid, cells, and cellular debris during inflammation

Inflammatory Exudate (Second Line of Defense)

Thick and greenish yellow seen during inflammation

Purulent Exudate or Pus (Second Line of Defense)

Examples of pyogenic microorganisms during inflammation

Staphylococci and Streptococci (Second Line of Defense)

The process by which phagocytes surround and engulf foreign material

Phagocytosis (Second Line of Defense)

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE: * The two most important groups of phagocytes: 1. _______ 2. _______

(1) Macrophages (2) Neutrophils

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE FOUR (4) STEPS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS 1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______

CHAID (1) Chemotaxis (2) Attachment (3) Ingestion (4) Digestion

* A directed migration due to the presence of “chemotactic agents” * Phagocytes move along a concentration gradient

Chemotaxis

* Phagocytes can only ingest objects to which they can attach

Attachment

* Is sometimes necessary to enable phagocytes to attach to certain particles

Opsonization

* A membrane-bound vesicle within the cytoplasm of the phagocyte where the object is ingested and contained

Phagosome

* The product when a phagosome fuses with a nearby lysosome to form a digestive vacuole during digestion

Phagolysosome

* Found in neutrophils which functions to reduce oxygen to very destructive products, aiding in the destruction of phagocytized microbes

NADPH oxidase

Produces hypochlorous acid which aids in the destruction of phagocytized microbes

Myeloperoxidase

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE (THIRD) 1. _______ 2. _______ 3. _______ 4. _______

(1) RECOGNITION (2) SPECIFICITY (3) HETEROGENEITY (4) MEMORY

* Foreign organic substances * Antibody-generating substances * Antigenic determinants (epitopes) * Haptens

Antigens (Third Line of Defense)

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE * Antigens can be divided into 2 groups: 1. _______ 2. _______

(1) Foreign antigens (2) Self-antigens

* Play an important role in the specific immune response as "antigen-presenting cells"

Macrophages (Third Line of Defense)

* Non-granulocytic WBC's involved in immune response * Includes B and T cells

Lymphocytes (Third Line of Defense)

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE * Differentiation and maturation sites differ between B and T cells 1. B-Cells mature in the ______ 2. T-Cells mature in the ______

(1) Bone Marrow - Stromal Cells (2) Thymus

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE * Two events must occur for an effective specific immune response: 1. _________ 2. _________

(1) Antigen Recognition (2) Lymphocyte Proliferation

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE * The two major arms of the immune system: 1. _________ 2. _________

(1) Cell-Mediated Immunity (2) Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Components: * T-Cells * Natural Killer Cells * Cytokines (Lymphokines)

Cell-Mediated Immunity (Third Line of Defense)

* Coordinator of immune regulation * Activates other WBC

Helper T-Cells (Th)

* Helper T-Cells (Th) releases Cytokines to render the ff. functions: 1. Stimulate ______ to grow and divide 2. ______ 3. Enhancing ability of ______ to engulf and destroy microbes

(1) cytotoxic cells (2) Chemotaxis (3) macrophages

* Directly kills certain tumor cells, viral-infected cells * Binds to foreign cells and then release Perforins and Granzymes

Cytotoxic T-Cells (Tc)

* Releases chemicals that suppress the activity of T-cells and B-cells * Responsible for stopping the immune response * Help prevent unnecessary immune system activity

Regulatory T-Cells (Ts)

* Remain after immune suppression * Act as Helper T-Cells on secondary exposure of antigen

Memory T-Cells (Tm)

* Associated with certain allergic reactions * Associated with rejection of transplanted tissues * Produces a variety of chemical substances that recruit defense cells (macrophage) * Important in the body’s defense against cancer

Delayed Hypersensitivity T-Cells (Td)

CONNECTS HELPER T-CELLS TO MACROPHAGES VIA MHC MOLECULES

CD4 (T4) Cells

CONNECTS CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS TO CELLS DISPLAYING MHC MOLECULES

CD8 (T8) Cells

* A subpopulation of lymphocytes called granular lymphocytes * Capable of destroying other cells, especially virus infected cells and tumor cells * Do not proliferate in response to antigen and appear not to be involved in antigen-specific recognition * Not phagocytic but must contact target cell to lyse

Natural Killer Cells

* Type of Cytokine * Pyrogenic (induces fever)

Interleukin 1 (IL1)

* Type of Cytokine * Stimulates T-Cells and B-Cells to proliferate * Activates Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)

Interleukin 2 (IL2)

* Type of Cytokine * Helps make tissue cells resistant to viral infection * Activates NK Cells and Macrophages * Enhances maturation of Cytotoxic T-Cells

Gamma Interferon (Y-IFN)

* Type of Cytokine * Functions as a WBC growth factor * Stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes and monocytes

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)

* Type of Cytokine * Activates T-Cells and Macrophages * Cell killing

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

* a.k.a (Humoral Response) * B-Cells play the major role * Involves the production of antibodies (Ab) or (Igs)

Antibody-Mediated Immune Response (Third Line of Defense)

* Soluble proteins produced by activated B-Cells or Plasma Cell offsprings in response to an antigen * Molecular weight of 150,000 daltons * Acts on extracellular antigens

Antibodies (Ab) / Immunoglobulins (Igs)

* Antibodies / Immunoglobulins are Y-shaped molecule consisting of 4-polypeptide chains: 1. _________ 2. _________

(1) 2 identical heavy chains (2) 2 identical light chains

* Antibody * Found on B-Cell membrane; antigen receptor

IgD

* Antibody * Binds to membranes of basophils and mast cells; allergies

IgE

* Antibody * 1st Ab produced in response to antigen * Most efficient complement binding Ig * Bactericidal to gram (-) bacteria

IgM

* Antibody * Internal body secretions

IgA

* Antibody * Lightest among all classes * Can cross the placenta * Enables complement fixation * Long-term immunity * Memory antibodies * Neutralizes toxins,

IgG

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE * Effects of Antibodies: 1. Inactivates the _____ 2. ____ antigens together 3. Activates the _____ 4. Initiates the release of _____ 5. Facilitates _____

(1) antigen (2) Bind (3) complement cascade (4) inflammatory chemicals (5) phagocytosis

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE Antibody production depends on the ff. conditions: 1. Nature of the ______ 2. Site of ______ 3. The _____ of antigen 4. The number of times the person is ______

(1) antigen (2) antigenic stimulus (3) amount (4) exposed to the antigen

Immunity acquired through the normal life experiences of a human and is not induced through medical means.

Natural Immunity

Immunity that is produced purposefully through medical procedures (also called immunization).

Artificial Immunity

Immunity that is the consequence of a person developing his own immune response to a microbe

Active Immunity

Immunity that is the consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person

Passive Immunity

* Immunity that resulted from infection * May be long term, may be temporary for some

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

* Immunity resulting from vaccination * Attenuated vaccines * Inactivated vaccines * Toxoid vaccines * Examples: MMR, DTaP, Hib, Polio

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

* Mother to fetus * Transplacental transfer * Colostrum * Few weeks or months duration

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

* Humoral antibodies acquired by injection * Lasts for few weeks * Antivenom * Antitoxin * Examples: HBIg, TIg, RIg

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

(7) HOST RESISTANCE AND INFECTION Flashcards

(89 cards)