(6) NORMAL BIODATA OF HUMANS

Question 1

Other term for Normal Microbiota

Answer 1

Normal Microflora

Question 2

Systematic study of the interrelationship that exists between the organisms of the environment

Answer 2

Ecology

Question 3

Study between the interrelations between the human and the world around them; living and non-living things

Answer 3

Human Ecology

Question 4

• Study of interrelationships between microbes and the world around them
• Interaction between human and their normal microflora (normal)

Answer 4

Microbial Ecology

Question 5

Also termed as “Simbiosis”

Answer 5

Symbiotic Relationship

Question 6

• Refers to living together or close association of two living organisms (differenct species) known as symbionts

Answer 6

Symbiotic Relationships

Question 7

• A symbiotic relationship where different
  microorganisms have no effect on each other
• Cactus and tarantula living in a desert

Answer 7

Neutralism

Question 8

• A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one and do not harm the other (neither beneficial nor harmful)
• Barnacles on a whale
• Bacteria on skin (epidermis; feeds on dead skin)

Answer 8

Commensalism

Question 9

• A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both symbionts and similarly produces positive effect towards each other
• Bees on flowers
• Normal intestinal flora (e. coli)

Answer 9

Mutualism

Question 10

• A symbiotic relationship that is mainly beneficial to one and harmful to another, usually leaves through form of a disease (parasite deprives host of nutrients)
• Ticks on dogs
• Mosquitoes on humans

Answer 10

Parasitism

Question 11

• All microbes on and within the human body do not produce disease under ______, some are even beneficial and help maintain one’s health

Answer 11

normal conditions

Question 12

Disruption in the normal microbiota

Answer 12

Dysbiosis

Question 13

• Pathogens that wait for the opportunity to cause disease
• When the host’s immune system is compromised
• Can cause a disease when given access to blood, urinary bladder, lungs, and place where they do not belong

Answer 13

Opportunistic Pathogens

Question 14

The healthy fetus is ______, following the rupture of the bag of water

Answer 14

unsterile

Question 15

Maternal Factors for Gut Colonization in Infants
- (1) _______
- (2) _______
- (3) _______
- (4) _______
- (5) _______
- (6) _______

Answer 15

(1) Weight gain
(2) BMI
(3) Nutrition
(4) Type of Delivery
(5) Type of Feeding
(6) Antibiotics

Question 16

• Relatively fixed and are regularly found in a given area of the body at a given age

Answer 16

Resident Microbita (Resident Flora)

Question 17

Conditions for favorable growth of resident microbiota includes (depends on the part of body where they reside in):
(1) _________
(2) _________
(3) _________
(4) _________

Answer 17

(1) Moisture
(2) pH
(3) Temperature
(4) Nutrients

Question 18

• Take up temporary residence on and within humans through their constant exposure to favorable external environment
• Found on skin/mucus membrances
• Can be present from minutes, hours, days, to weeks (not months)

Answer 18

Transient Microbiota (Transitent Flora)

Question 19

Transient Microbiota are only temporary because:
(1) They may be ______ from external areas
(2) Not able to _______ with the resident microbiota
(3) Fail to survive the _______ of the body
(4) Killed by substances produced by the _______
(5) Flushed away by _______

Answer 19

(1) washed away
(2) compete
(3) acidic and alkaline environments
(4) resident flora
(5) bodily excretions/secretions

Question 20

MICROBIOTA OF SKIN
- Composition: (1) ______

• Type: Mostly (2) ______ in deeper layers of the skin, hair follicles, sweat, and sebaceous glands
• Most common microbes: From (3) _______, _________, and ________
• Location: Skin near (4) _______ and _______ of the body

Answer 20

(1) Bacteria and Fungi
(2) Anaerobes
(3) Genus Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium
(4) Skin near mucosal openings and moist folds of the body

Question 21

Important Considerations for Microbiota of Skin
1. Frequent _____
2. Proper ______
3. Particularly ______ (for healthcare professionals)

Answer 21

(1) Handwashing
(2) Hygiene
(3) Careful

Question 22

MICROBIOTA EYES
- Scant (barely sufficient) amount due to flow of tears containing (1) _______ that interfere with cell wall synthesis

• The external surface of the eyes are lubricated, cleansed, and protected by (2) _______

Answer 22

(1) lysozyme
(2) tears, mucus, and sebum

Question 23

MICROBIOTA OF EARS
- The middle ear and inner ear are (1) ______

• The outer ear and the auditory canal contain (2) ______ also present on the skin

Answer 23

(1) sterile
(2) microbes

Question 24

When a person coughs, sneezes, or blows their nose, microbes may be carried along the _______ which leads to the middle ear, causing infection

Answer 24

eustachian tube

Question 25

MICROBIOTA OF ORAL CAVITY - Affords shelter for both (1) ______ and ______ microbes - Found in (2) _______ margins, crevices between the _____, and deep folds of the surface of the ______ - Examples include cocci and bacilli, spirochetes, yeasts, moldlike organisms, protozoa, and viruses

Answer 25

(1) Anaerobic and Aerobic (2) Gum, Teeth, Tonsils

Question 26

Microbes responsible for dental plaque

Answer 26

Streptococcus mutans

Question 27

MICROBIOTA OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT - Population is (1) ______ - Microbes are generally (2) ______ - Includes initial colonization of N. meningitidis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bordatella pertussis

Answer 27

(1) varied (2) harmless

Question 28

The microbiota of the nasal passages and throat provide the following benefits to the upper respiratory tract: (1) _______ (2) Excellent conditions for ________

Answer 28

(1) Moist and warm mucus membrance (2) microbial growth

Question 29

MICROBIOTA OF LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT - Normally (1) ______ (free of microbes) - Organisms are destroyed by (2) _______ which are defense mechanisms

Answer 29

(1) sterile (2) alveolar macrophages

Question 30

MICROBIOTA OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT - Minimal bacteria due to stomach’s hostile environment - (1) ______ - survives stomach acidity due to urease; can cause duodenal ulcer - Few microflora exist in the small intestine due to constant (2) ______ - The (3) _____ contains the largest number of microbes

Answer 30

(1) Helicobacter pylori (2) perisitalsis (3) colon

Question 31

- Helps in the alkalinization of the stomach acid for H. pylori to survive - Allows colonization of H. pylori

Answer 31

Urease

Question 32

MICROBIOTA OF GENITOURINARY TRACT - The kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder are (1) _____ - The (2) _____ and the ______ consist of numerous microbes (bacteria, yeasts, viruses)

Answer 32

(1) sterile (2) 1cm distal urethra; external meatus

Question 33

MICROBIOTA OF GENITOURINARY TRACT [CONT’D] - The reproductive systems of both men and women are normally sterile, except the (1) ______ - Vaginal microflora depends on age, hormonal levels, and vaginal pH: * Female Infant: (2) ______ * 1 month of age to puberty: (3) _____ due to cessation of glycogen production * Puberty until menopause: (4) _____ due to resumption of glycogen secretion * After menopause: (5) _____

Answer 33

(1) vagina (2) lactobacillus spp. (3 neutral = pH 7.0 (4) acidic = pH 4 to 5 (5) pH > 5

Question 34

- Certain intestinal bacteria are beneficial to because they produce useful (1) _______ - Synthesis of Vit. K & B12, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, and biotin through their secretions

Answer 34

(1) vitamins and other nutrients

Question 35

- Literally means microbes vs. microbes - Prevents other microbes to become established in or colonize a particular anatomic location - Synthesis of substances that inhibit growth of pathogens

Answer 35

Microbial Antagonism

Question 36

- Involves the ingestion of bacteria and yeast to reestablish and stabilize the microbial balance with the bodies. - This can be in the form of various products that can be used in humans.

Answer 36

Biotherapeutic Agents

Question 37

- Organisms that are hanging around and wait for the right time to cause infection. - Usually takes place when the host tends to be immunocompromised

Answer 37

Opportunistic Infections