2: Freud - Psychoanalytic Approach

Question 1

Breuer’s term for a condition now called conversion disorder - having symptoms that appear to be physical but are not

Answer 1

hysteria

Question 2

once-popular belief that “no other forces than the common physical-chemical ones are active within the organism”

Answer 2

reductionism

Question 3

psychoanalytic term for what you are aware of at any particular moment - your present perceptions, memories, thoughts,
fantasies, feelings, etc.

Answer 3

conscious mind

Question 4

psychoanalytic term for anything that can easily be made conscious - memories you are not currently thinking about but can readily bring to mind

Answer 4

preconscious

Question 5

psychoanalytic term for everything that is not easily available to awareness, including drives/instincts, traumatic memories and emotions - source of motivations, sexual desire, neurotic compulsions

Answer 5

unconscious

Question 6

part of the mind in which the primary process takes place - where innate biological impulses manifest

Answer 6

id

Question 7

unconscious motivational forces derived from biological needs (“Triebe” in German, called “wishes” by Freud)

Answer 7

instincts/drives

Question 8

the translation from biological needs to instincts/drives within the id

Answer 8

primary process

Question 9

biological demand to take care of needs immediately (ex. an infant crying for food)

Answer 9

pleasure principle

Question 10

part of the mind that relates the organism to its consciousness and searches for objects/means to satisfy the wishes that the id creates

Answer 10

ego

Question 11

the translation from instincts/drives into a conscious effort to satisfy those wishes within the ego

Answer 11

secondary process

Question 12

biological command to take care of a need as soon as an appropriate object is found

Answer 12

reality principle

Question 13

part of the mind that serves as a record of things to avoid and strategies to take to attain needs/goals - contains conscience and ego ideal - communicates emotions like pride, shame, guilt

Answer 13

superego

Question 14

part of the superego - an internalization of punishments and warnings

Answer 14

conscience

Question 15

part of the superego - derived from rewards and positive models presented to the child

Answer 15

ego ideal

Question 16

Freud’s initial term for the neurological representations of physical needs - perpetuate the life of the individual and species

Answer 16

life instincts

Question 17

motivational energy of life instincts that powers us - Latin for “I desire”, now synonymous with “sex drive”

Answer 17

libido

Question 18

Freud’s belief that every person has an unconscious wish to die in order to “satisfy all needs”

Answer 18

death instinct

Question 19

Freudian principle closely related to the death instinct - refers to Buddhist idea that the goal of all of life is to achieve non-existence, nothingness, void

Answer 19

nirvana principle

Question 20

feeling that signals to the ego that its survival, and that of the entire organism, is in jeopardy - feeling threatened and overwhelmed

Answer 20

anxiety

Question 21

fear as a result of a plausible threat (ex. being surrounded by sharks)

Answer 21

realistic anxiety

Question 22

fear from threats to the superego - fear of experiencing shame, guilt, and punishment

Answer 22

moral anxiety

Question 23

fear of being overwhelmed by impulses from id - “losing control”

Answer 23

neurotic anxiety

Question 24

ego’s attempts to protect itself from negative impulses / anxieties by unconsciously blocking them or distorting them into a more accessible, less threatening form

Answer 24

ego defense mechanisms

Question 25

ego defense mechanism that involves blocking external events from awareness if they are too difficult to handle

Answer 25

denial

Question 26

Anna Freud's concept of children using their imagination to make troubling situations more comfortable (ex. portraying a helpless child as a powerful superhero)

Answer 26

denial in fantasy

Question 27

ego defense mechanism that involves simply being unable to recall a threatening situation - "motivated forgetting"

Answer 27

repression

Question 28

ego defense mechanism that involves renouncing and denying needs/desires if they cause distress or shame (ex. anorexia)

Answer 28

asceticism

Question 29

milder version of asceticism that involves losing interest in some aspect of life and directing it elsewhere if it causes distress or shame (ex. quitting a sports team for fear of humiliation)

Answer 29

restriction of ego

Question 30

ego defense mechanism that involves stripping the emotion from a difficult memory or threatening impulse - should be a big deal but treated as if it's not

Answer 30

isolation

Question 31

ego defense mechanism that involves redirecting an impulse onto a substitute target that is less distressing or threatening (ex. repressed hatred of an abusive mother leads to a hatred of all women)

Answer 31

displacement

Question 32

form of displacement in which the person themself becomes their own substitute target - cause for feelings like inferiority, guilt, depression

Answer 32

turning against the self

Question 33

form of displacement that is the opposite of turning against the self - tendency to see your own troubling desires/impulses in other people and criticize them for it

Answer 33

projection

Question 34

form of projection in which a person attempts to fulfill their own needs vicariously through other people (ex. a single friend who shows great interest in others' relationships)

Answer 34

altruistic surrender

Question 35

ego defense mechanism that involves changing an unacceptable impulse into its opposite (ex. claiming to love unequivocally an abusive parent)

Answer 35

reaction formation

Question 36

ego defense mechanism that involves "magical" gestures or rituals intended to cancel out distressing thoughts and impulses - also includes seeking atonement or forgiveness for behavior

Answer 36

undoing

Question 37

ego defense mechanism that involves taking into your personality characteristics of someone else, because doing so solves emotional difficulty or insecurity (ex. teenager imitating popular peers)

Answer 37

introjection

Question 38

form of introjection that involves adopting traits that are negative or feared in another person (ex. a bullied child acting more like the bully to fight them off)

Answer 38

identification with the aggressor

Question 39

ego defense mechanism that involves moving backwards in psychological time to cope with stress - adopting childlike or immature traits when troubled or frightened, trying to return to last point in which you felt secure

Answer 39

regression

Question 40

ego defense mechanism that involves cognitive distortion of facts to make an event of impulse feel less threatening - believing your own lies

Answer 40

rationalization

Question 41

the one "positive" kind of rationalization defense (according to Freud) - transforming of an unacceptable impulse into an acceptable or productive form (ex. a physically aggressive person becoming a football player)

Answer 41

sublimation

Question 42

different parts of our skin that provide pleasure

Answer 42

erogenous zones

Question 43

first psychosexual stage, lasting from birth to about 18 months - focus of pleasure is the mouth (sucking, biting)

Answer 43

oral stage

Question 44

second psychosexual stage, lasting from about 18 months to 3-4 years old - focus of pleasure is anus (yes this means shitting, I don't get it)

Answer 44

anal stage

Question 45

third psychosexual stage, lasting from about 3-4 to 5-7 years old - focus of pleasure is genitalia (touching)

Answer 45

phallic stage

Question 46

fourth psychosexual stage, lasting from 5-7 to around 12 years old (puberty) - sexual impulse is repressed in service of learning

Answer 46

latent stage

Question 47

fifth psychosexual stage, beginning at puberty - resurgence of sexual drive in adolescence, focus of pleasure is sexual intercourse

Answer 47

genital stage

Question 48

Freudian concept that the son, in the phallic stage, has a sexual attitude towards his mother (desire for attention, affection, touch) and resents his father for being closer to her

Answer 48

Oedipal crisis

Question 49

Freudian concept for a male child's fear of losing his penis due to associating it with power and questioning why girls do not have one

Answer 49

castration anxiety

Question 50

Freudian concept that a female child, in the phallic stage, translates her sexual attitude from her mother towards her father due to wishing for a penis, interpreting it as a symbol of power

Answer 50

penis envy

Question 51

Freudian concept of retaining certain infantile or childish habits due to having difficulties with a task at one of the psychosexual stages

Answer 51

fixation

Question 52

fixation derived from difficulty with sucking during oral stage - tendency to be dependent on others and interest in other "oral gratifications" (eating, drinking, smoking)

Answer 52

oral-passive character

Question 53

fixation derived from difficulty during teething stage and early weaning - tendency to be verbally aggressive and argumentative, with a lifelong desire to bite things

Answer 53

oral-aggressive personality

Question 54

fixation derived from parents being at the child's mercy during potty training, unable to adequately control them - tendency to be sloppy, disorganized, cruel, destructive

Answer 54

anal expulsive personality

Question 55

fixation derived from parents being overly strict during potty training, using punishment and humiliation - tendency to be especially clean, perfectionistic, dictatorial, stubborn, stingy

Answer 55

anal retentive personality

Question 56

unnamed personality types derived from fixation in phallic stage - if a boy is rejected by his mother or a girl rejected by her father, they are likely to feel poorly about their sexual self-worth - if a boy is favored by his mother or a girl by her father, they will be vain and self-centered

Answer 56

phallic personalities

Question 57

aspect of Freud's therapy - client must feel free to express anything without judgment or ostracism

Answer 57

relaxed atmosphere

Question 58

aspect of Freud's therapy - client is able to talk about anything at all, and through relaxation techniques, unconscious thoughts will inevitably drift to the forefront

Answer 58

free association

Question 59

aspect of Freud's therapy - when a client avoids therapy in some way (draws a blank, arrives late, falls asleep) it serves as a cue that they are nearing something in their unconscious that is threatening

Answer 59

resistance

Question 60

aspect of Freud's therapy - looking for symbolic expressions of the unconscious in dreams, usually interpreting sexual meanings from them

Answer 60

dream analysis

Question 61

aspect of Freud's therapy - a slip of the tongue that serves as a cue to unconscious conflicts (AKA a Freudian slip)

Answer 61

parapraxes

Question 62

tests that provide a vague stimulus which client fills with their own unconscious feelings (ex. Rorschach test)

Answer 62

projective tests

Question 63

when a client projects feelings toward the therapist that more legitimately belong with certain others (ex. expressing your rage at someone as if the therapist is that person)

Answer 63

transference

Question 64

sudden and dramatic outpouring of emotion that occurs when trauma is resurrected

Answer 64

catharsis

Question 65

being aware of the source of a negative emotion (the original traumatic event)

Answer 65

insight

Question 66

form of identification with the aggressor, derived from a specific hostage situation in which the hostages became sympathetic of their captors - victim gradually identifying themselves with perpetrator

Answer 66

Stockholm syndrome