Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

RT 208 > 2. General Pharmacologic Principles and Special Considerations > Flashcards

2. General Pharmacologic Principles and Special Considerations Flashcards

(91 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Sources of Drugs

A
  • Plant
  • Mineral
  • Animal
  • Synthetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

any chemical substance taken into the body for the purpose of affecting body function is referred to as a

A

drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

were the primary source of drugs used on the human body

A

Plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_____ from the earth and ____ also found their way into human use as drugs

A

Minerals,

soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Substances lacking in the human body can be replaced with similar substances from the glands, organs and tissues of ____

A

animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

evolved with human skills in laboratories and advanced understanding of chemistry

A

synthetic sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

this method is probably the most actively pursued source of drugs by major companies today

A

Synthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

made from pork

A

Porcine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

came from cow

A

Bovine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

drug with a natural source but made with modifications in a laboratory

A

Semi-synthetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

movement of drugs through the body

A

Pharmacokinetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what the body do to the drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

body’s biological response to drugs

A

Pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what the drug do to the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pharmacokinetics

The four drug processes:

A

ADME

  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

getting into the bloodstream

A

Absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

moving from the bloodstream into the tissues and fluids of the body

A

Distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

physical and chemical alterations that a substance undergoes in the body

A

Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

eliminating waste products of drug metabolism

A

Excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Absorption primary site of process

A

Mucosa of the stomach, mouth, small intestine, or rectum; blood vessels in the muscles or subcutaneous tissues; or dermal layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Conditions that may hamper absorption

A

Incorrect administration may destroy the drug before it reaches the bloodstream or its site of action (e.g., giving certain antibiotics after meals instead of on an empty stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Distribution primary site of process

A

Circulatory system, through capillaries and across cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Conditions that may hamper distribution

A

poor circulation (impaired flow of blood) may prevent drug from reaching tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Metabolism primary site of process

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Conditions that may hamper metabolism
Hepatitis, cirrhosis of liver, or damaged liver may prevent adequate breakdown of drug, thus causing a buildup of unmetabolized drug
26
Excretion primary site of process
kidneys, sweat glands, lungs, or intestines
27
Conditions that may hamper excretion
Renal damage or kidney failure may prevent passage or drug waste products, thereby causing an accumulation of the drug in the body
28
reaches widespread areas of the body
Systemic effect
29
Example: acetaminophen [Tylenol] suppository, although given rectally, has the ability to be absorbed and distributed throughout the body to cause a general reduction in fever and pain
Systemic effect
30
is limited to the area of the body where it is administered
Local effect
31
Example: | dibucaine ointment [Nupercainal], applied rectally, affects only the rectal mucosa to reduce hemorrhoidal pain
Local effect
32
cellular changes
drug actions
33
physiological changes
drug effect
34
The site of absorption of drug varies according to the following physical properties of each drug:
1. pH 2. Lipid (fat) solubility 3. Presence or absence of food in the stomach
35
drugs of a slightly acidic nature are absorbed well through the ______
stomach mucosa
36
drugs of an alkaline pH are not absorbed well through the stomach, but are readily absorbed in the alkaline environment of the ______
small intestine
37
oral medications for infants (syrup and solutions) may not be absorbed well after ____
infant feedings
38
substances high in lipid solubility are quickly and easily absorbed through the
mucosa of the stomach
39
Alcohol and substances containing alcohol are soluble in lipids. They are rapidly absorbed through the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract
40
Substances low in lipid are not absorbed well through the ______ and are absorbed best when given by a means other than the GI tract
stomach or intestinal mucosa
41
it is not lipid soluble but taken orally
neomycin drug
42
food in the stomach tends to slow absorption due to a ____ emptying of the stomach
slower
43
If a fast drug is desired, an _____ will facilitate quicker absorption
empty stomach
44
term when drug is transformed in the liver
biotransformation
45
is an increased effect of a drug demonstrated when repeated doses accumulate in the body.
cumulative effect
46
refers to a condition that results from exposure to either a poison or a dangerous amount of a drug that is normally safe when given in a smaller amount
Toxicity
47
Patient-related variables affecting | drug effects
Patient Parameters
48
Patient Parameters
- Age - Weight - Sex / Gender - Psychological State
49
metabolism and excretion are slower in the _____, therefore attention must be paid to possible cumulative effects
elderly
50
they have a lower threshold of response and react more rapidly and sometimes in unexpected ways; therefore, frequent assessment is imperatice
children
51
generally, the bigger the person, the ____ the dose should be
greater
52
is an inactive substance that resembles a medication, although no drug is present
placebo
53
the action of two drugs working together in which one helps other simultaneously for an effect that neither could produce alone
Synergism
54
drugs that work together are said to be
synergistic
55
the action of two drugs in which one prolongs or multiplies the effect of the other
Potentiation
56
the opposing action of two drugs in which one decreases or cancels out the effect of the other
Antagonism
57
Response of drugs used in | combinations
Drug Interactions
58
Drug Interactions
- Synergism - Potentiation - Antagonism
59
Dosage
- Minimum - Maximum - Loading - Maintenance - Toxic - Lethal - Therapeutic
60
smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect
Minimum dose
61
largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired effect without producing symptoms of toxicity
Maximum dose
62
initial high dose (often maximum dose) used to quickly elevate the level of the drug in the blood (often followed by a series of lower maintenance doses)
Loading dose
63
dose required to keep the drug blood level at a steady state in order to maintain the desired effect
Maintenance dose
64
amount of a drug that will produce harmful side effects or symptoms of poisoning
Toxic dose
65
dose that causes death
Lethal dose
66
dose that is customarily given (average adult dose based on body weight of 150 lb); adjusted according to variations from the norm
Therapeutic dose
67
How do drugs travel?
Route of Administration
68
Route of Administration
- GI tract routes | - Parenteral routes
69
GI tract routes
- Oral (PO) - Nasogastric tube (NG) - Rectal (R)
70
Parenteral routes
- Sublingual (SL) or buccal - Injection routes - Topical - Inhalation
71
Injection routes
- Intravenous (IV) - Intramuscular (IM) - Subcutaneous (SC) - Intradermal (ID) - Intracardiac, Intraspinal, Intracapsular
72
Topical
- Dermal (D) | - Mucosal
73
is the easiest, but the effects are slower because of the time required for disintegration of drugs in the alimentary canal before absorption
Oral route
74
is the fastest: drugs enter the bloodstream immediately and are administered by a physician, registered nurse or paramedic
Intravenous route
75
are less common and are administered by the physician
Intracardiac, Intraspinal, Intracapsular
76
is the best route for treatment of emergencies because of the speed of action
Intravenous
77
Unexpected response to drugs
Adverse Drug Effects
78
Adverse Drug Effects
- Teratogenic - Idiosyncratic/Idiosyncrasy - Tolerance - Dependence - Hypersensitivity - Anaphylaxis
79
effect from maternal drug administration that causes the development of physical defects in a fetus
Teratogenic effect
80
unique, unusual response to a drug
Idiosyncrasy
81
decreased response to a drug that develops after repeated doses are given
Tolerance
82
acquired need for a drug that may produce psychological and/or physical symptoms of withdrawal when the drug is discontinued
Dependence
83
involves only a psychological craving, no physical symptoms of withdrawal other than anxiety
Psychological dependence
84
exists when cells actually have a need for the drug, symptoms of withdrawal include retching, nausea, pain, tremors, and sweating
Physical dependence
85
immune response (allergy) to a drug may be of varying degrees
Hypersensitivity
86
nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are __ considered signs of allergies
not
87
severe, possibly fatal, allergic response
Anaphylactic reaction
88
hives
urticaria
89
reddened, warm skin
hyperemia
90
is a cardiac drug that must be given cautiously because of its potential for causing a cumulative effect.
Digoxin
91
if Digoxin accumulates, the heart rate may slow to a _______
dangerously low level

RT 208 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions