2-Hemolymphatic System

Question 0

Where are 6 locations of where pre-natal period hematopoiesis can occur?

Answer 0

• Yolk sac
• Liver
• Spleen
• Thymus
• Lymph Nodes
• Bone marrow

Question 1

What are the 7 main components of the hematopoietic system?

Answer 1

• Cellular elements of the blood
• Bone marrow
• Spleen
• Lymph Nodes
• Thymus
• Accessory lymphoid tissue
• Mononuclear phagocyte system

Question 2

Where does post-natal period hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 2

Bone marrow

Question 3

Where are 2 locations of hematopoiesis in adults?

Answer 3

• Flat bones

- Metaphysis-cancellous bone

Question 4

Hematopoiesis is a controlled process that can be influenced by what 3 factors?

Answer 4

• Cytokines
• Hormones
• Growth factors

Question 5

Normally, only what type of cells are released into systemic circulation, immature or mature?

Answer 5

Mature

Question 6

It is considered abnormal when which cells are released, immature or mature?

Answer 6

Immature

Question 7

What does release of immature cells indicate?

Answer 7

Bone marrow stress or disease

Question 8

Red marrow is progressively replaced by what as an animal ages?

Answer 8

Fat

Question 9

What is indicated in persistent hematologic abnormalities that are unexplainable based on clinical findings and examination of blood?

Answer 9

Bone marrow biopsy

Question 10

Which is performed for often, bone marrow core (trephine) biopsy or aspiration biopsy?

Answer 10

Aspiration biopsy

Question 11

When aspiration does not yield an adequate sample because of myelofibrosis or poor technique or when evaluation of overall cellularity is needed what needs to be performed?

Answer 11

Bone marrow biopsy

Question 12

What are 4 things a core bone marrow biopsy can confirm and characterize?

Answer 12

• Hematopoietic hypoplasia
• Cell density
• Cell distribution
• Marrow architecture

Question 13

Where are 3 locations a core bone marrow biopsies can be taken from?

Answer 13

• Humerus (greater tubercle)
• Ilium crest
• Femur

Question 14

What angle should the needle be inserted at for a core bone marrow biopsies from the humerus?

Answer 14

About 45 degrees

Question 15

What might a needle inserted too proximal result in for a core bone marrow biopsy?

Answer 15

Entry into the scapulohumeral joint.

Question 16

What might needle insertion at an angle perpendicular to the humerus result in with a core bone marrow biopsy?

Answer 16

Entry into the bicipital bursa that communicates with the scapulohumeral joint on the medial side of the limb.

Question 17

What are 3 possible causes for increased red marrow appearance?

Answer 17

• Increased demand for red blood cells
• Increased demand for leukocytes
• Neoplasia erythroid or myeloid

Question 18

What is a possible cause for increased demand for red blood cells?

Answer 18

Erythroid hyperplasia

Question 19

What is a possible cause for increased demand for leukocytes?

Answer 19

Myeloid hyperplasia

Question 20

What is a possible cause for neoplasia, erythroid or myeloid?

Answer 20

Leukemia

Question 21

How long does it take to see gross changes of marrow stimulation with increased red marrow due to increased demand for RBCs?

Answer 21

About 3 weeks

Question 22

How long does it take for RBC production to increase so you would see evidence of regeneration on the CBC before the gross changes in the red marrow would occur with increased red marrow due to increased demand for RBCs?

Answer 22

4-5 days

Question 23

What are 2 main categories of possible causes of increased white color appearance of bone marrow?

Answer 23

• Lympohproliferative diseases (more common)

- Myeloproliferative disease (less common)

Question 24

What are 2 examples of lymphoproliferative diseases that can cause an increased white color appearance in bone marrow?

Answer 24

- Lymphoma | - Lymphocytic leukemia

Question 25

What are 4 examples of myeloproliferative diseases that can cause an increased white color appearance in bone marrow?

Answer 25

- Myeloid leukemias - Histiocytic sarcoma - Multiple myeloma - Metastases

Question 26

What are 3 categories of etiologies for bone marrow diseases?

Answer 26

- Radiation - Chemical - Infections

Question 27

What are 7 agents that can cause bone marrow disease?

Answer 27

- Canine parvovirus - Feline panleukopenia virus (parvovirus) - Equine infectious anemia virus - Ehrlichia spp - Histoplasma capsulatum - Coccidiodes spp - Mycoplasma

Question 28

What is an example of bone marrow atrophy?

Answer 28

Serous atrophy of fat

Question 29

Inflammation of the bone marrow and bone is known as what?

Answer 29

Osteomyelitis

Question 30

What are 2 major classifications of osteomyelitis?

Answer 30

- Bacterial osteomyelitis | - Fungal osteomyelitis

Question 31

What are 4 examples of agents that can cause bacterial osteomyelitis?

Answer 31

- Staphylococcus spp - Streptococcus spp - Escherichia coli - Proteus spp

Question 32

What are 6 examples of fungal agents that cause fungal osteomyelitis?

Answer 32

- Cocciciodes immitus - Blastomyces dermatitidis - Histoplasma capsulatum - Actinomycetes: Norcarida spp - Aspergillus fumigatus - Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 33

In what part of the USA can you see fungal osteomyelitis caused by Coccidiodes immitus?

Answer 33

Southwest

Question 34

Histoplasma capsulatum, which can cause fungal osteomyelitis, is endemic to what 2 areas in the USA?

Answer 34

- Ohio | - Mississippi River

Question 35

Which two agents are less common causes of fungal osteomyelitis?

Answer 35

- Aspergillus fumigatus | - Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 36

The spleen is important in the defense against what?

Answer 36

Blood-borne pathogens

Question 37

Splenectomized animals are susceptible to what?

Answer 37

Blood parasites

Question 38

What are 2 things removed by the spleen as it filters the blood?

Answer 38

- Abnormal RBCs | - Ages RBCs

Question 39

What does the spleen store?

Answer 39

Hemosiderin

Question 40

What is the spleen a reservoir for?

Answer 40

RBCs and platelets

Question 41

What are 3 species that have storage spleens?

Answer 41

- Horses - Dogs - Cats

Question 42

What are 4 examples of degenerative diseases of the spleen?

Answer 42

- Senile atrophy - Siderotic plaques/Gamma Gandy bodies - Amyloidosis - Splenic rupture

Question 43

Senile atrophy is seen mainly in what 2 species?

Answer 43

- Old dogs | - Horses

Question 44

Splenic rupture is usually secondary to what 2 conditions?

Answer 44

- Trauma | - Neoplasia (HAS)

Question 45

Protein formed by cleavage from larger proteins and then deposited in extracellular spaces is known as what?

Answer 45

Amyloidosis

Question 46

Amyloidosis in animals is commonly secondary to what?

Answer 46

Chronic inflammation

Question 47

What is the most common form of amyloidosis in animals?

Answer 47

AA amyloid

Question 48

What stain is used on fresh samples to test for amyloidosis?

Answer 48

Lugol's iodine test

Question 49

Which stain is used to test for amyloidosis in formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded samples?

Answer 49

Congo Red

Question 50

Splenic rupture is most common in what 2 species?

Answer 50

- Dogs | - Cats

Question 51

Primary splenic rupture is most commonly due to what?

Answer 51

Trauma

Question 52

Splenic rupture can be seen secondary to what 2 conditions?

Answer 52

- Splenomegaly | - Splenic neoplasia

Question 53

What are 3 possible causes of diffuse splenic enlargement?

Answer 53

- Congestion - Cell proliferation/infiltration - Accumulation of extracellular material

Question 54

What are 2 possible causes of nodular splenic enlargement?

Answer 54

- Neoplasia | - Non-neoplastic

Question 55

What is the term used for diffuse splenic enlargement?

Answer 55

Splenomegaly