Alimentary 2

Question 0

In what species do you most commonly seen PRAA?

Answer 0

Dogs

Question 1

What is one cause of congenital megaesophagus?

Answer 1

Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)

Question 2

Which side does the aorta arise from in a normally developing dog?

Answer 2

Left

Question 3

T/F: A fetus has both a right and left aorta.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

With PRAA, do you see dilatation cranial or caudal to the heart?

Answer 4

Cranial

Question 5

What are some clinical signs of PRAA?

Answer 5

Animals lose weight, regurgitate meals.

Question 6

What is a common cause of death with PRAA?

Answer 6

Aspiration pneumonia

Question 7

What constricts down on the esophagus with PRAA?

Answer 7

Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 8

What does the ligamentum arteriosum arise from?

Answer 8

Remains of ductus arteriosis.

Question 9

Secondary (acquired) megaesophagus is most common in what species?

Answer 9

Dogs

Question 10

What are two possible causes of secondary megaesophagus?

Answer 10

Idiopathic and myasthenia gravis

Question 11

Is choke seen primarily in small or large animals?

Answer 11

Large animals

Question 12

Where is a common location for choke to occur?

Answer 12

Dorsal to the larynx.

Question 13

What can choke produce?

Answer 13

Compression necrosis

Question 14

Linear areas of ulceration can be seen in what condition in horses?

Answer 14

Reflux-esophagitis

Question 15

Erosive-ulcerative esophagitis can be seen in cattle with what disease?

Answer 15

Bovine Viral Diarrhea

Question 16

Parasitic esophagitis can be caused by what parasite in dogs?

Answer 16

Spirocerca lupi

Question 17

Parasitic (chronic granulomatous) esophagitis can occasionally lead to the neoplastic formation of what?

Answer 17

Sarcomatous lesions (mainly osteosarcomas and fibrosarcomas)

Question 18

What is ruminal tympany/bloat?

Answer 18

Over-distention of the rumen and reticulum by gases produced during fermentation.

Question 19

Primary ruminal tympany/bloat is often associated with what?

Answer 19

New diets that promote the formation of stable foam.

Question 20

Secondary ruminal tympany/bloat is caused by what?

What are 3 examples?

Answer 20

Physical or functional obstruction of the esophagus resulting in failure to eructate.

• Vagus indigestion
• Esophageal papillomas
• Lymphosarcomas

Question 21

What is a common sign of ruminal tympany/bloat?

Answer 21

Distended left paralumbar fossa

Question 22

Low rumen pH is indicative of primary or secondary bloat?

Answer 22

Primary

Question 23

What is the most reliable post-mortem indicator of ante-mortem bloat?

Answer 23

Bloat line

Question 24

Where is the bloat line commonly seen?

Answer 24

Thoracic inlet

Question 25

Traumatic reticulitis in cattle is caused by what? | What is another name for it?

Answer 25

- Foreign bodies | - Hardware disease

Question 26

What are some clinical signs of traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Answer 26

Reluctant to walk, lean forward, lay down and tend to cough.

Question 27

What are 2 conditions traumatic reticuloperitonitis can lead to?

Answer 27

Vagus indigestion and ruminal atony

Question 28

What are 2 possible complications of Hardware disease?

Answer 28

Chronic pericarditis and epicarditis

Question 29

What is a cause of chemical rumenitis in cattle?

Answer 29

Lactic acidosis caused by grain overload.

Question 30

What causes the chronic areas of ulceration seen with mycotic rumenitis?

Answer 30

Proliferation of fungus and bacteria

Question 31

T/F: Gastric dilation-volvulus is a life-threatening condition.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

In what 2 species is gastric dilation-volvulus most commonly seen?

Answer 32

Large deep-chested dogs and sows

Question 33

What are some clinical signs of gastric dilation-volvulus in dogs?

Answer 33

Progressive abdominal distention, non-productive retching, hypersalivation and restlessness.

Question 34

When is gastric dilation-volvulus commonly seen in sows?

Answer 34

After excessive intake of food and water followed by physical activity in a competitive group situation.

Question 35

What other organ is often involved in gastric dilation-volvulus?

Answer 35

Spleen

Question 36

Abomasal displacement occurs most commonly in which 2 groups of cattle?

Answer 36

Post-parturient dairy cows and calves

Question 37

Which type of abomasal displacement is more common, right-sided or left-sided?

Answer 37

Left-sided

Question 38

Is left-sided abomasal displacement generally fatal or non-fatal?

Answer 38

Non-fatal

Question 39

Is the abomasum located more to the left or right of then abdominal cavity?

Answer 39

Right

Question 40

What is a common problem associated with left-sided abomasal displacement?

Answer 40

Partial obstruction of abomasal flow.

Question 41

What percentage of abomasal displacements are right-sided?

Answer 41

About 15%

Question 42

What percentage of right-sided abomasal displacements result in abomasal volvulus?

Answer 42

20%

Question 43

What are 6 clinical signs associated with abomasal displacement?

Answer 43

- Abdominal pain - Elevated heart rate - Anorexia - Dehydration - Depressed peristalsis with lack of feces - Abomasal tympany (high-pitch ping elicited by percussion)

Question 44

Most cases of gastric rupture in horses are due to what?

Answer 44

Intestinal obstructions

Question 45

Hemorrhage at the site of a gastric rupture indicates that the rupture occurred pre-mortem or post-mortem?

Answer 45

Pre-mortem

Question 46

What species are gastric ulcers especially common in?

Answer 46

Pigs

Question 47

What can lead to gastric ulcers in pigs?

Answer 47

Pigs being fed finely ground rations or a high wheat component.

Question 48

What can cause gastric ulcerations in horses? | How?

Answer 48

- NSAIDS - By inhibiting COX which decreases prostaglandin production. Prostaglandins have a protective role in stomach secretions.

Question 49

Most gastric ulcers in dogs and cats are produced by what?

Answer 49

Idiopathic

Question 50

Cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs may lead to what? | How?

Answer 50

- Gastric ulceration - By releasing histamines into the blood which bind to receptors of parietal cells in the stomach, increasing HCl secretion.

Question 51

T/F: Perforated gastro-duodenal ulcers only occur in dogs with multiple mast cell tumors.

Answer 51

False - May occur in dogs with a solitary cutaneous mast cell tumor.

Question 52

What 2 conditions can be seen in pigs, and occasionally ruminants and horses, secondary to endotoxemia or bacterial sepsis?

Answer 52

Thrombosis and hemorrhage (gastric venous infarction)

Question 53

What mineral do you use Von-Kassa stain for?

Answer 53

Calcium

Question 54

What bacteria causes Braxy (Bradsot)? | What condition can it cause?

Answer 54

- Clostridium septicum | - Abomasitis

Question 55

Necro-hemorrhagic abomasitis with submucosal emphysema in lambs is diagnostic for what disease?

Answer 55

Braxy (Bradsot)

Question 56

Mycotic abomasitis is often a sequelae of what? | Why?

Answer 56

- Long-term antibiotic therapy. | - Resident bacterial flora are destroyed promoting growth of angio-invasive fungi.

Question 57

Which type of stain will show fungal organisms, HE or GMS?

Answer 57

GMS

Question 58

What is a common cause of parasitic gastritis in horses? | Which strain commonly settle in the pylorus close to the intestines?

Answer 58

- The larva of Gasterophilus nasalis and intestinalis. | - Nasalis

Question 59

What condition do Ostertagia spp commonly cause? | What species are these commonly seen in?

Answer 59

- Proliferative (hyperplastic) abomasitis leading to abomasal fold that resemble "moroccan leather." - Cattle and sheep

Question 60

Which parasite can cause granulomatous gastritis close to the margo plicatus in the horse?

Answer 60

Draschia megastoma

Question 61

Which parasite most commonly causes parasitic gastritis in sheep and goats leading to blood loss, anemia and hypoproteinemia?

Answer 61

Haemonchus contortus

Question 62

Is it the males or females of Haemonchus contortus that have the barber pole appearance?

Answer 62

Females

Question 63

What is the most common gastric neoplasia in horses?

Answer 63

Gastric squamous cell carcinoma

Question 64

What can occur in horses secondary to gastric squamous cell carcinomas?

Answer 64

Peritoneal carcinomatosis

Question 65

What is a common gastric neoplasm in horses that can resemble a form of parasitic gastritis?

Answer 65

Gastric lymphosarcoma

Question 66

Multicentric lymphosarcomas in cattle have a predilection for what part of the body?

Answer 66

Abomasum