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CPR II > (2) Intro to Pharmacology (Izard) > Flashcards

(2) Intro to Pharmacology (Izard) Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Pro-drug

A

Converted to the active drug by biologic proceses — inside the body

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2
Q

Define: Pharmacotherapeutics

A

A field of study of the appropriate use of medications to effectively treat or prevent disease and manage symptoms

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3
Q

Define: Pharmacogenomics

A

A field of study of genetic impact on drug metabolic or handling processes which can affect individual responses to drugs

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4
Q

Define: Pharmacoeconomics

A

A field of study utilizing scientific and economic methods to evaluate and compare value between therapies

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5
Q

Define: Pharmacoepidemiology

A

A field of study that applies epidemiological principles and methods to study the uses and effects of medications on large populations

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6
Q

What are the six key aspects of a drug you should know?

A
  1. Drug name and class
  2. Mechanism of action
  3. Indications/uses
  4. Toxicities
  5. Monitoring
  6. Drug interations
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7
Q

Each drug has approx. 3 names. What kind of names are they?

A
  1. Chemical name
  2. Generic name
  3. Trade/brand name
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8
Q

Which is the most potent?

Least?

A

B is the most potent

D is the least

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9
Q

Which is the MOST responsive?

Least?

A

A,C and D are the most responsive

B is the least responsive (produces approx. 50% response rate)

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10
Q

Classification of Chemical Interactions

Give examples of:

Additive

Synergistic

Potentiation

Antagonism (name the 4 types)

A

Additive (2 + 5 =5 )

Synergistic (3 + 3 = 9)

Potentiation (2 + 0 = 4)

Antagonism (functional, chemical, dispositional, receptor)

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11
Q

What is functional antagonism?

A

2 agonists interact with different receptors to produce opposite effects

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12
Q

What is chemical antagonism?

A

Drug counters the effect of another resulting in decreased effect

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13
Q

What is dispositional antagonism?

A

Metabolism of a chemical is altered and the concentratioin and/or duration of the chemical are diminished

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14
Q

What is receptor antagonism?

A

This is specific for the receptor configuration and specificity

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15
Q

What are examples of non-deleterious side effects?

A

Hair loss

Itching

Swelling

Hair growth

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16
Q

What are examples of deleterious toxic effects?

A

Pharmacological (anticancer therapies)

Pathological (Isoniazid –> hepatic damage)

Genotoxic (Thalidomide –> phocomelia)

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17
Q

What does pharmaceutical equivalence mean?

A

SAME ingredients, dosage form/route, strength/concentration

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18
Q

What are pharmaceutical alternatives?

A

Same drug but different salts/complexes or different dosage forms/strengths

19
Q

What is therapeutic equivalence?

A

Must be pharmaceutically-equivalent AND expected to have the same

Therapeutic (clinical) effect

Saftey profile

20
Q

What is bioequivalence?

A

Similar rate and extent of absorption

80%-125% of reference product

21
Q

FDA code letter rating system : A/B Codes for Therapeutic equivalence

What are “A” Codes?

A

Drug products that are considered to be therapeutically equivalent to other pharmaceutically equivalent products

22
Q

FDA code letter rating system : A/B Codes for Therapeutic equivalence

What are “B” Codes?

A

Drug products that FDA, at this time, is considered not to be therapeutically equivalent to other pharmaceutically equivalent products

23
Q

Common Weight Abbreviations

gm or g =

mg =

mcg =

mEq =

lb =

kg =

A

gm or g = grams

mg = milligrams (1/1000th of a gram)

mcg = micrograms (1/1000th of a milligram)

mEq = milliequivalents (1/1000th of an equivalent)

lb = pounds

kg = kilograms (1000 gms) 1kg= 2.2 lbs

24
Q

Common volume abbreviations

tsp =

tbsp =

oz =

ml/cc =

quart =

pint =

L =

G =

A

tsp = teaspoon (5ml)

tbsp = tablespoon (15 ml; or 3 tsp)

oz = ounce, 30 ml (2tbsps or 6 tsp)

ml/cc = milliliter/cubic centimeter (1/1000th liter)

quart = 946 ml (2 pints = 1 quart)

pint = 473 ml (16oz = 1 pint)

L = liter, 1000ml

G = gallon, 3.79 L (4 quarts = 1 G or 8 pints)

25
Q

Medication designations

Drugs are classified into one of 2 groups…

What are they?

A
  1. Over the counter (OTC), no prescription required
  2. Legend, rx required
26
Q

What is a drug schedule created based on?

A

Based on abuse potential and/or dose

27
Q

What does a non-scheduled/non-controlled drug mean?

A

No abuse potential

28
Q

What is a schedule I drug?

A

All non-research use is illegal under federal law

NO CURRENTLY ACCEPTED MEDICAL USE and HIGH potential for abuse

ex: LSD, PCP, Marijuana

29
Q

What is a schedule II drug?

A

No telephone Rx’s, no refills

Drugs with a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence

ex: opioids, amphetamines

30
Q

What is a schedule III drug?

A

New Rx written after 6 months or 5 refills

Drugs w/ moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence

ex: codeine, anabolic steroids

31
Q

What is a schedule IV drug?

A

Rx must be written after 6 months or 5 refills

DIFFERS from schedule III for illegal possession

Drugs with a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence

ex: alprazolam, propoxyphene

32
Q

What is a schedule V drug?

A

Non opioid Rx, Dispensesed w/out Rx

Drugs with lower potential for abuse than schedule IV

33
Q

What are the 3 new pregnancy risk categories?

A
  1. Pregnancy
  2. Lactation
  3. Females and Males of reproductive potential
34
Q

Common Dosing Frequency Abbreviations

Dosing Frequency:

q. d =
b. i.d =
t. i.d =
q. i.d =
q. o.d=
q. “x”.h. (q12h) =

Days of the week =

A

q. d = every day
b. i.d = twice daily
t. i.d = three times daily
q. i.d = four times daily
q. o.d= every other day
q. “x”.h. (q12h) = every 12 hours

Days of the week = M, T, W, Th (R), F, Sa, S

35
Q

Dosing frequency

q. a.m. =
q. p.m. =
q. h.s =
p. r.n =
a. c. =
p. c. =

A

q. a.m. = every morning
q. p.m. = every evening
q. h.s = every night at bedtime
p. r.n = as needed
a. c. = before meals
p. c. =after meals

36
Q

Routes of administration; Eyes

o. d. =
o. s. =
o. u. =

A

o. d. = right eye
o. s. = left eye
o. u. = both eyes

37
Q

Routes of administration; Ears

a. d.=
a. s.=
a. u. =

gtt =

A

a. d.= right ear
a. s.= left ear
a. u. = both ears

gtt = drops

38
Q

Route abbreviations

p. o. =
s. l. =
i. v. =
i. m. =
s. q. =
p. r. =

NGT =

OGT =

A

p. o. = by mouth
s. l. = sublingually
i. v. = intravenously
i. m. = intramuscularly
s. q. = subcutaneously
p. r. = per rectum

NGT = naso-gastric tube

OGT = oro-gastric tube

39
Q

What is the meaning for each abbreviation?

A
40
Q
A
41
Q
A
42
Q

Calculating dosage

What is the dosage forumula?

A

D = doctor’s order is the name and amount of the medicine prescribed by the doctor

H = Supply on hand is the amount per item of the medication that is available in the pharmacy

Q = quantitiy is the form of the medication, such as tablet, capsule or mililiter

Dosage is the amount of medication to be given in one dose

43
Q
A

CPR II (30 decks)

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