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Comparative Anatomy > [2] Lecture 12: Comp. Anatomy Of Musculature I > Flashcards

[2] Lecture 12: Comp. Anatomy Of Musculature I Flashcards

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1
Q

All movements in the human body involves

A

Muscular contraction

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2
Q

All muscular contractions consist of:

A

Motor actions
Contractions of heart and vessels
Actions in the intestines

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3
Q

Muscle tissue classified based on characteristics such as:

A

Appearance, arrangement of nucleus, function

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4
Q

Most common classification system is based on what 2 characteristics:

A

Microscopic appearance
And
What organ it is asso. W/

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5
Q

4 types of muscle tissue:

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth, branchiomeric

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6
Q

Striated or band subunit appearance
Voluntary control
Attached to sketch system directly/indirectly
Mononucleated cells (myoblasts)

A

Skeletal muscle

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7
Q 
Not striated
Generally involvuntary 
Spindle-shaped mononucleated cells
Centrally located nuclei 
Most commonly asso. W/ viscera
A

Smooth muscle

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8
Q 
Shares characteristics w/ skeletal and smooth muscle 
Striated
Involuntary
Mononucleated and striated 
Specialized junctions for syncytium
A

Cardiac muscle

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9
Q

Specialized intercellular junctions in cardiac muscle

A

Intercalated discs

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10
Q

Asso. W/ pharyngeal arches
Transition btw smooth muscle and striated muscle
Innervated by cranial nerves

A

Branchiomeric muscle

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11
Q

Shapes of muscle involved in naming:

A 
Fusiform (spindle-shaped)
Pinnate:
-unipennate
-bipennate
-multipennate
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12
Q

Besides shape, what’re some other ways of naming muscle:

A 
Action
Location
Number of heads
Fiber direction
Relative size 
Origin-insertion
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13
Q

Proximal attachement
Usually…
May be fixed w. Regard to movement

A

Origin

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14
Q

Distal attachement
Usually…
Usually more movable

A

Insertion

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15
Q 
Attachement btw muscle and bone 
Dense collagenous CT
Surrounded by peritendineum
Bundles of collagen fibers 
Poorly vascularized
A

Tendons

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16
Q

Flat, fan-shaped tendons typically giving rise to other tendons

A

Aponeuroses

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17
Q

Consists of sarcomeres:

Which consist of myosin-thick and actin-thin

A

Myofilament

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18
Q

Chain of sarcomeres

A

Myofibril

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19
Q

Bundle of myofibrils

Often referred to as muscle cell
Each fiber formed from many fused myoblasts

A

Myofiber

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20
Q

Bundle of myofibers

A

Fascicle

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21
Q

Composed of varying numbers of fascicles

A

Muscle

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22
Q

Surrounds each muscle fiber

Lies outside sarcolemma

A

Endomysium

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23
Q

Surrounds each fascicle

A

Perimysium

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24
Q

surrounds each muscle
Becomes continuous w/ tendons
Attached to periosteum

A

Epimysium

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25
What makes up myofilament?
Actin and myosin
26
Muscle fiber will either contract completely or not at all
All or none principle
27
After birth the number of myofibers:
Can not be increased
28
What can be increased in muscle?
You can increase number of myofibrils...there for a myofiber and muscle may beincreased in size
29
What happens to lost muscle?
Replaced by scar tissue (fibrous CT)
30
A single nerve cell may innervate from a few to several hundred myofibers:
Motor units --- all or none
31
Want maximal contraction of muscle?
More recruitment=more motor units incvolved
32
All or none really refers to:
Motor unit involvement
33
Myofiber type is determined by:
Innervation neuron
34
All myofibers in a single motor unit will be same ____
Type
35
Fiber type is based on :
Endurance
36
2 types of muscle fibers
Dark-slow fibers (red) Light-Fast (white)
37
Found in all vertebrate groups Not multiple innervated Do not propagate AP
Phasic fibers
38
Found in non-mammalian vertebrates Involved in slow, sustained postural activities ** Single nerve cell innervates many fibers- each fiber is INNERVATED MULTIPLE TIMES (>1 innervation) Contract slowly Do not propagate an AP
Tonic fibers We do not have....
39
Dark fibers ex of muscle:
Soleus Stroll w/ the sol
40
Predominantly composed light fibers:
Gastrocnemius
41
contraction length of muscle doesnt change
Isometric, but force of contraction increases
42
Contraction length of muscle does change:
Isotonic contraction
43
contraction muscle gets shorter:
Concentric
44
Contraction muscle get longer:
Eccentric contraction
45
Basis for names of muscles:
Shape, origin-insertion, function, relative size, fiber arrangement, location
46
Fiber arrangement:
Straight, fusiform, unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
47
Result of the muscle contraction depends on:
Muscle attachment Which end of muscle is fixed Force of contraction r/t force of distance Simultaneous action of muscles around other muscles asso. W/ same structure
48
How is stability of a bone at a given time is determined by:
Contractions of muscles acting as stabilizers
49
Muscle doing desired action
Agonist
50
Muscle that opposes the agonist
Antagonist
51
Muscle that stabilizes base of attachment of agonist
Fixator
52
Muscle that crosses only one joint
Unijoint
53
Muscle that crosses more than one joint
Multijoint
54
Inability of a multijoint muscle to contract maximally over all joints crossed simultaneously:
Insufficiency
55
Muscle that eliminates unwanted action by the agonist
Synergist
56
Insufficiency r/t the reference of agonist
Active insufficiency
57
Insufficiency r/t the reference of the antagonist
Passive insufficiency
58
Insufficiency doesnt affect what type muscle?
Unijoint.....only multijoint
59
Prime movers and assistant movers
Agonist muscles
60
A muscle primary function is to cause the particular movement and a strong contributor to that movement:
Prime mover
61
Has the ability to assist in the movement but is only of secondary importance to the movement
Assistant mover
62
Acting as a stabilaizer (fixator) usually contracts as:
Isometrically
63
Muscles that pass anterior to the axis of a joint are
Flexors
64
Muscles that pass posterior to axis of a joint are
Extensor
65
Muscles that pas lateral to a joint are:
Abductors
66
Muscle flexor can shorten about:
1/2 total length
67
Muscles that nullify one or more actions of another muscle:
Synergist--- Neutralizer
68
Cause opposite motion of the prime mover w.o assisting in the movement:
Synergistic-neutralizer
69
One that extends across more than one joint and potentially can contribute to movement at each joint it crosses
Multijoint muscle

Comparative Anatomy (10 decks)

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