[2] Lecture 13-Axial musculature Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
3 groups of skeletal muscle:
A
Axial
Branchiomeric
Appendicular
2
Q
Derived from myotome portions of somites
Demonstrate a segmental arrangement (metamerism)
Innervated by spinal nerves
A
Axial muscle
3
Q
Formed from embryonic mesenchyme asso. W/ pharyngeal arches
Demonstrate segmental arrangement (metamerism)
Innervated by CN
A
Branchiomeric
4
Q
Formed from body wall or limb bud mesenchyme
Innervated by spinal nerves
A
Appendicular
5
Q
Musculature of vertebrate body wall and tail make up:
A
Axial musculature
6
Q
Dervied from embryonic somites
A
Axial musculature
7
Q
Metamerism is evident in:
A
Fishes and in urodeles
8
Q
Metamerism not as evident in :
A
Most tetrapods
9
Q
Innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves
A
Epaxial musculature
10
Q
Innervated by ventral rami of spinal nerves
A
Hypaxial musculature
11
Q
Amniotes have hyaxial muscles ventral to transverse processes or organized into __________ bundles
A
Longitudinal
12
Q
Mammalian diaphragm and cremaster muscles are:
A
hypaxial muscles
13
Q
Arise originate from 3 pairs preotic somitomeres and are innervated by CN III, IV, and VI.
A
Muscles of the eyeball
14
Q
Divided into extrinsic and intrinsic
A
Appendicular muscles
15
Q
Originate from the axial skeleton and insert on girdle or limb
A
Extrinsic muscle
16
Q
Originate from the girdle or proximal limb and insert more distally
A
Intrinsic muscle
17
Q
Intrinsic muscles in tetrapods develop w/ in one ______
A
Limb
18
Q
Develop from branchial arch
A
Branchiomeric muscles
19
Q
1st brachial arch open and close jaws
A
mandibular arch
20
Q
Muscles of first arch are innervated by which CN?
A
V
21
Q
Derived from second brachial arch attach to the hyoid skelton lower jaw and operculum in fishes:
A
Hyoid arch
22
Q
Depend primarily on powerful movement of the trunk and/or tail for locomotion
A
Fish
23
Q
Trunk muscle of the fish are the _____ muscles
A
Axial
24
Q
In craniates, hypaxial muscles extend into the ________ as hypobranchial muscles
A
Pharynx
25
In amniotes, hypaxial muscles extend forward into the _________
Tongue
26
Appendicular muscles in fishes are mostly ________
Extrinsic
27
Extrinsic muscles of tetrapods develop in one of 2 ways:
W/in the embryonic wall and spread to the limb
In the limb and spread to the axial skeleton
28
Innervated by the 7th CN
| Sphincter colli of lower tetrapods spreads over head of amniotes
Second branchial arch - hyoid arch
29
```
Remaining arches (besides 1 and 2 branchial arches) operate gills in fishes and take on new functions in tetrapods
These muscles are innervated by CN____?
```
9 and 10.
30
_________ of fishes and urodeles gives rise to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid of amniotes
Cucullaris
31
Segments that make up the axial musculature
Myomeres
32
Muscles are dervied from Semitic myotomes and exhibit a segmental arrangement:
Axial muscles
33
In gnathostomes, theyre typically divided into epaxial (more _______) and hypaxial(more _________) muscles
Dorsal; ventral
34
The number of myomeres corresponds w/ the number of ____________ but the spatial arrangement of the myomeres alternates w/ that of the __________
Vertebrae; vertebrae
35
Lateral view of a typical gnathostome fish myomere segmentation resembles what letter
W
36
"W" is the split btw what two structures in gnathostomes:
Upper portion[epaxial musculature]
Lower portion [hypaxial musculature]
37
Separates epaxial and hypaxial parts from each other
Horizontal septum
38
Individual myomeres are separated from each other by vertical CT
Transverse septa
39
Segmented portions of the fish axial musculature(2):
Myomeres
| Myosepta
40
Axial musculature in fishes are major player in:
Locomotion
Includes: epaxial and hypaxial
41
Amphibian musculature trend from fishes to tetrapods:
Reduction in epaxial musculature. Most tetrapods use limbs for locomotion not epaxial musculature.
Division of hypaxial muscles into layers
Increase in mass and complexity of limb muscles
42
Urodeles and epaxial muscles
Still somewhat well-developed...these are salamanders... useful for swimming
43
Designed for flexing body back and forth for swimming
Dorsalis truncus
44
Divisions/Layers of muscles into layers:
Subvertebral,
Lateral flank,
Rectus abdominus
45
Opposes dorsalis truncus in nectarus
Subvertebral muscle
46
Muscle that becomes rectus cervcis in neck
Rectus abdominal
47
Muscles to pay attention to in nectarus:
Rectus abdominus and dorsalis truncus
48
Trend w/ muscle and reptiles/mammals:
Similar muscle arrangement to nectarus;
Except for division of epaxial muscles
49
Dorsalis trunucus in reptiles/mammals:
Division into 3 longitudinal columns:
Transversospinalis
Logissimus Dorsi
Iliocostalis
50
Hypaxial muscles in reptiles/mammals:
Similar to amphibian, division into 3 layers
51
Hypaxial muscles in reptiles/mammals:
Assist w/ breathing by raising and lowering ribs
-internal/external intercostals and subcostals
52
3 groups of back muscles:
Superficial, intermediate, deep
53
2 extrinsic muscles in back
Superficial and intermediate
54
Only intrinsic muscle in back:
Deep muscle
55
Respiratory muscles innervated by ventral rami. Serratus posterior group [inferior/superior]
Intermediate back muscle group
56
```
Connect limb to axial skeleton. Innervated by ventral rami. Or CN XI includes:
Trapezius
Lat. Dorsi.
Levator scapulae
Rhomboideus major/minor
```
Superficial back muscle group
57
True intrinsic muscles of the back are innervated by dorsal rami. 3 groups:
Superficial,intermediate, and deep.
Deep muscle group of back
58
Muscles are named base on ______________...they tend to migrate from embryo
innervation
59
Only epaxial muscle group of the back:
Deep-intrinsic b/c it is innervated by dorsal rami
60
Ex of true intrinsic back muscles:
Splenius capitis/cervicis-superficial
Iliocostalius, longissimus, spinalis-intermediate
Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores- deep- fine movements of the vertebral column
61
Superficial intrinsic muscles make up the:
Spinotransversalis system
62
Spinotrnaversalis system run
Laterally and upward to attach to transverse processes and skull.
63
Intermediate intrinsic muscles make up the
Sacrospinalis system
64
Sacrospinalis system function:
Hold body upright
Erector spinae group
Runs straight up and down.
65
Deep intrinsic muscles make up the
Transversospinalis system
66
Transversospinalis system run:
Laterally and insert medically
Run from transverse process to transverse process
67
How many eye muscles?
6 eye muscles
68
Eye muscles are dervied from
3 pairs of anterior somites
And 3 pairs of CN that innervate
69
Innervates superior oblique muscle
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
70
Innervates lateral rectus muscle
Abducens nerve CN VI
71
```
Innervates remaining 4 muscles:
Inferior rectus,
Medial rectus,
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique
```
Oculomotor nerve CN III
72
Intrinsic muscle of eye function
Control diameter of pupil
73
Muscles of the gill arch region arise from __________ _________ not somites
Embryonic mesenchyme
74
Anterior muscle of gill arch in shark: striated or smooth?
Striated
75
Posterior muscle of gill arch in shark: striated or smooth?
Smooth
76
Why would the posterior muscles be smooth and not striated?
This reflects change from vigorous feeding movements for gill function to slower sustained movements for transport of food along gut tract....involuntary now..
77
Innervated by CN V: trigeminal nerve
Gill arch I - mandibular
78
Innervated by CN VII: facial nerve
Gill arch II- hyoid
79
Innervated by CN IX: glossopharyngeal nerve
Gill arch III
80
Innervated by CN X: vagus nerve
Remaining gill attaches (except: I, II, III)
81
Muscles of the gill arch of the shark:
Branchiomeric musculature of the shark
82
Vertebrates have varying aspects of development of muscle:
Different vertebrates muscles travel further distances from vertebrae
83
Nerve is dragged along w/ muscle during
Muscle migration...that's why we name based on innervation.
84
Cranial nerves are associated w/ each of the :
Gill arches
85
Articulation occurs btw quadrate bone and articular bone
Temporomandibular joint of non-mammalian
86
Mammalian TMJ:
Synovial joint w/ articular disk.
Articular surfaces are the temporal bone and mandibular condyle.
Fate of articular and quadrate derives meckel's cartilage
87
Quadrate becomes the
Incus in middle ear
88
Articular bone moves into middle ear and becomes
Malleus
89
What are the 2 fish Anatomy features lost in tetrapods?
Interarcuals
Coracobranchials
90
Muscles of mastication are innervated by:
CN V
91
Zygomatic bone to lateral surface of ramus and coronoid process
Elevates and protracts manible
Masseter
92
Temporal fossa and fascia to coronoid process
Elevates and retracts mandible
Grinding
Temporalis
93
Lateral pterygoid plate and sphenoid to front of mandible and TMJ
Protracts mandible; depresses chin
Bilateral- grinding(unilateral)
Lateral pterygoid
94
Lateral pterygoid plate and maxilla to medial surface of mandible near angle
Elevates, protracts, and grinding unilateral
Medial pterygoid
95
Adductor (lavator) mandibulae of nectarus is = to:
Temporalis and masseter
96
Fish anatomical features lost in tetrapods (2):
Interarcuals
Coracobranchials
97
CN for anterior digastric?
CN V
