2. Neurodevelopment & Neuronal Plasticity

Question 1

Initially the neural tube is o____-c____ thick, t____ on both e____
As the neural tube widens, the extensions of the cells e____ still holding on to the o____ wall

Answer 1

one-cell, touching, ends
elongates, outer

Question 2

Neurogenesis does not take place with neuronal division… neurons do not d____. Immature cells called s____ cells divide to form p____ cells. Each p____ cell can be a n____ or a g____.

Answer 2

divide
stem
progenitor (precursor)
progenitor
neuroblast, glioblast

Question 3

It was noticed in early observations that the cells undergoing m____ were always c____ to the inner surface of the neural tube, known as the v____ z____ (brain’s nursery)

Answer 3

mitosis, closer, ventricular zone

Question 4

The neural tube gives rise to the v____ s____ in a mature brain

Answer 4

ventricular system

Question 5

Cell migration refers to the m____ of the newly formed cells towards the o____ layers

Answer 5

movement, outer

Question 6

The cortex develops in an i____-o____ manner, and this is seen across s____

Answer 6

inside-out, species

Question 7

A p____ m____ predisposes cells born in a certain region to migrate to a certain location of the c____

Answer 7

primitive map, cortex

Question 8

Cell migration occurs with the help of:
1. C____ s____
2. P____ s____ provided by r____ glia

Answer 8

1. Chemical signals
2. Physical support, radial

Question 9

A large wave of neurons are still m____ in the f____ c____ after b____. Most of these will become i____ G____ i____

Answer 9

migrating, frontal cortex, birth
inhibitory GABAergic interneurons

Question 10

Once they arrive at their destination, i____ neurons begin to express g____ that will allow them to become a particular type of cell. They start to form an a____ and d____ that will give them their distinct shape.

Answer 10

immature, genes
axon, dendrites

Question 11

Dendritic development involves d____ a____ and growth of d____ s____

Answer 11

dendritic arborisation (branching), dendritic spines

Question 12

Induction is the ongoing c____-c____ interactions via the s____ of c____ where cells influence the fate of their neighbouring cells

Answer 12

cell-cell, secretion, chemicals

Question 13

In cell Differentiation and Maturation, if immature cells are r____ from a given region, they will be replaced by s____ neurons that will arrive in this area and acquire the same c____

Answer 13

removed, subsequent, characteristics

Question 14

Because of the ability of immature cells to differentiate into any type of cell based on the a____ c____ (p____), they can be used t____ to help tackle diseases such as P____ disease

Answer 14

area characteristics, pluripotency, therapeutically, Parkinson’s

Question 15

Synaptogenesis is guided by a variety of c____ and s____

Answer 15

cues and signals

Question 16

The growing end of the axon is called a g____ c____. The axons extend by adding m____ to the t____ of the axon

Answer 16

growth cone, microtubules, tip

Question 17

Growth cones are attracted to c____ released from t____ s____. These chemicals are c____ a____ molecules and t____ molecules.

Answer 17

chemicals, target sites, cell adhesion, tropic

Question 18

In synpatogenesis, once a successful c____ has been made, a____ and t____ induce each other to construct m____ to help them a____ to one another and to form a s____

Answer 18

contact, axon, target, machinery, attach, synapse

Question 19

The majority of our synapses take place a____ b____ and continue to r____ themselves throughout l____

Answer 19

after birth, rearrange, life

Question 20

Filopodia can make p____ c____ with other cells (c____ g____) or they can be c____ g____ (c____)

Answer 20

physical contact
contact guidence
chemically guided
chemotropism

Question 21

Filopodia have p____ on their m____ which serve as r____ that ‘r____’ various molecules to which they will a____ to or not

Answer 21

proteins, membrane, receptors, recognise, adhere

Question 22

Growth cones d____ and s____ among a wide range of guidance cues

Answer 22

detect, select

Question 23

Both contact guidance and chemotropism can be either a____ or r____ to the growth cone

Answer 23

attractive, repulsive
The same cue may be attractive to one cone and repulsive to another or the nature of the relationship may change with time

Question 24

Successful synapses are those which are a____ and thus are m____ and s____

Answer 24

active, maintained, strengthened

Question 25

Synpases that are not successful are e____. This is called s____ p____

Answer 25

eliminated. Synaptic pruning

Question 26

The determining factor in successful synapses is e____. This is the "u____ i____ o____ l____ i____" principle

Answer 26

experience use it or lose it

Question 27

Due to the ability of the brain to c____ form new synapses and e____ others, there is p____

Answer 27

constantly, eliminate, plasticity

Question 28

Synaptic rearrangement occurs throughout l____ and is related to learning or e____

Answer 28

life, experience

Question 29

Adolescence is a period of increased s____ p____. The p____ c____ is still immature while other areas are better developed such as the l____ s____.

Answer 29

synaptic pruning prefrontal cortex limbic system

Question 30

Gogtay et al 2004 (NIMH) did brain scans of 4-25y olds every 2 years and found that... 1. G____ m____ thickens in childhood but then it begins to thin out g____ 2. S____ p____ starting from the b____ to the f____ by early adulthood 3. Increase in w____ m____ which peaks in adulthood 4. Perhaps a second phase of "u____ i____ o____ l____ i____" 5. The process is completed earlier in g____ than in b____

Answer 30

grey matter thickens in childhood but then it begins to thin out gradually Synaptic pruning starting from the back to the front by early adulthood Increase in white matter (myelination) which peaks in adulthood Perhaps a second phase of “use it or lose it” The process is completed earlier in girls than in boys

Question 31

The official word for Programmed Cell Death is a____

Answer 31

Apoptosis

Question 32

When axons initially reach their targets, they form synapses with several cells, there is overabundance. In fact, there are more neurons and more connections than we will eventually need, so some will have to go.Many will not form active synapses and will be eliminated. This is called n____ d____.

Answer 32

Neural Darwinism

Question 33

Apoptosis is an a____ process. Cells that undergo apoptosis are e____ g____ that enable them to d____ (d____ g____ called c____)

Answer 33

active expressing genes die]death genes called caspases

Question 34

Proteins s____ by t____ cells called s____ s____ promote the survival and growth of neurons. It was discovered that there are several such proteins, a family of these factors named n____ f____

Answer 34

secreted, target, survival signals. neurotrophic factors

Question 35

In order to avoid apoptosis and survive, a neuron will need: 1. N____ (growth factors) from its t____ cells 2. A____ c____ with other neurons which leads to the s____ of the s____

Answer 35

1. Neurotrophins, target 2. Active communication, strengthening, synapses

Question 36

Myelination refers to the process by which g____ form a f____ s____ that covers the a____ of the neurons

Answer 36

glia, fatty sheath, axons

Question 37

Myelin speeds up the t____ of neural i____ and allows for its 's____ c____'

Answer 37

transmission, impulses, 'saltatory conduction'

Question 38

There is a correlation between myelination and the ability to g____

Answer 38

grasp

Question 39

There are a few "n____" regions in the adult human brain. O____ e____ contains cells that c____ d____ to provide new o____ s____ neurons and replace d____ ones. Also, cells produced in the s____ z____ (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles migrate to replace i____ in the adult o____ b____. This long path of migration towards the o____ b____ is called the R____ M____ S____ (RMS).

Answer 39

neurogenic Olfactory epithelium continuously divide olfactory sensory damaged sub ventricular zone interneurons olfactory bulb olfactory bulb Rostral Migratory Stream

Question 40

Newborn cells from the s____ z____ (SVZ) migrate to the o____ b____ and become i____. A____ wrap around the migrating neurons to create a 'p____' that keeps them on the right path. This occurs t____ l____.

Answer 40

subzentricular zone olfactory bulb interneurons Astrocytes pipeline throughout life

Question 41

The g____ l____ of the d____ g____ of the hippocampus was the first neurogenic area to be d____. New neurons are c____ and a____ to the d____ g____ throughout life.

Answer 41

granular layer dentate gyrus discovered created and added dentate gyrus

Question 42

Recovery is better in y____ brains than in o____ brains and it is better in the p____ than it is in the b____

Answer 42

younger, older periphery, brain

Question 43

The mechanisms of recovery in the brain mainly involve new branching of a____ and d____, a process known as c____ s____. New branches formed by non-damaged axons a____ to v____ spots of dendrites and cell bodies. The cells s____ n____ that allow c____ s____ to occur.

Answer 43

axons and dendrites collateral sprouting attach vacant secrete neurotrophins collateral sprouting

Question 44

The brain adapts according to e____ stimuli, known as n____

Answer 44

environmental neuroplasticity (synaptic plasticity)

Question 45

Researchers asked sighted and blind people to feel Braille letters or other items and say whether they were the same or different. PET scans indicated substantial activity in the o____ c____ of blind people whilst they performed these tasks.

Answer 45

occipital cortex

Question 46

fMRI study with blind participants showed robust activity in the v____ c____ while reading B____, despite complete a____ of vision.

Answer 46

visual cortex Braille absence

Question 47

Blind people recruit brain areas usually used for vision to perform a____ l____ tasks

Answer 47

auditory localisation tasks

Question 48

Rats raised in an enriched environment develop a t____ c____ and have increased d____ b____. Much of the enhancement was due to p____ a____. Increased d____ b____ was correlated with i____ a____ to l____.

Answer 48

thicker cortex increased dendritic branching physical activity dendritic branching improved ability to learn

Question 49

A critical period is a period during which the brain is most s____ to a s____ e____.

Answer 49

sensitive specific experience

Question 50

Sensitive periods, accordion got Bateson (1979) could be conceived of as a b____ o____ of a window of v____, of n____ and also of o____.

Answer 50

brief opening vulnerability, need, opportunity

Question 51

E____ studies show evidence for e____ factors that lead to p____ later in life

Answer 51

Epidemiological, environmental, pathology