6. Social and Reproductive Behaviour

Question 1

Social behaviours occur whenever animals i____ with members of t____ o____ s____, leading to a____ or c____ behaviours in animals, c____ m____ of animal groups and examples of c____ social o____.

Answer 1

interact, their own species
aggressive, cooperative, collective movement, complex, organisations

Question 2

Sexual behaviours in animals are complex. Animals t____ across the world’s o____ and c____ to f____ a m____. They use exaggerated v____, v____ and c____ signals to get the attention of a potential m____ or fight off r____

Answer 2

travel, oceans, continents, find, mate
visual, vocal, chemical, mate, rivals

Question 3

In the experimental wedding:
- O____ (the love hormone) levels were up
- V____ (the possession hormone) went down in man
- C____ (the stress hormone) was up in woman before and after (even higher), whereas in man it went down after the ceremony
- T____ levels doubled in man

Answer 3

• Oxytocin
• Vasopressin
• Cortisol
• Testosterone

Question 4

Testis t____ restores n____ d____ in roosters.
T____ testis were not connected to b____ supply or n____ networks.
Their effect was mediated by c____ released to the b____ stream: h____

Answer 4

transplantation, normal development
Transplanted, blood, neuronal
chemicals, bloodstream, hormones

Question 5

Hormone can be defined as a s____ m____ that can carry m____ to distant t____ through the b____ stream

Answer 5

signalling molecule, messages, targets, blood

Question 6

Neurohormone can be defined as a hormone released by n____. Targets n____ or d____ cells (e.g. o____)

Answer 6

neurons, neighbouring, distant, oxytocin

Question 7

A target can be defined as o____/c____ that can detect h____(s) and it is a____ by it/them

Answer 7

organs, cells, hormone, affected

Question 8

Three hormone classes:
1. S____ hormones - derived from c____, they can t____ across cell m____
2. A____ hormones - derived from the a____ a____ t____. Cannot cross the cell m____
3. P____ and p____ hormones - a____ a____ chains. Cannot travel through cell m____, activate m____ r____

Answer 8

1. Steroid hormones: derived from cholesterol, they can travel across cell membranes. e.g., cortisol and progesterone.
2. Amine hormones: derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Cannot cross the cell membrane. e.g., thyroid hormone (TH).
3. Peptide and protein hormones: amino acid chains. Cannot travel through cell membrane = activate membrane receptors. E.g., oxytocin, vasopressin (peptides), prolactin, insulin (protein).

Question 9

Sex hormones:
Females - produced in o____ = e____ and p____
Males - produced in t____ = t____

Answer 9

ovaries, estrogen, progesterone
testes, testosterone

Question 10

Non sex hormones in both females and males:
1. G____ hormone from p____ g____
2. T____ from t____ g____
3. I____ from p____
4. A____ from a____ g____

Answer 10

1. Growth (GH), pituitary gland
2. Thyroxine (TH), thyroid gland
3. Insulin, pancreas
4. Adrenaline (ADH), adrenal gland

Question 11

Hormones control s____ d____, but also interact directly with the n____ s____ to affect s____ b____

Answer 11

sexual development, nervous system, sexual behaviour

Question 12

In non-primate females, sexual behaviour is linked to o____. Primate females can m____ at any time during their m____ c____

Answer 12

ovulation, mate, menstrual cycle

Question 13

Male rodents’ sexual behaviour involves three stages:
1. M____
2. I____
3. E____
Depends on t____ levels - c____ male rats injected with t____ reinstate sexual behaviours

Answer 13

1. Mount
2. Intromission
3. Ejaculation
   Testosterone, castrated, testosterone

Question 14

Sexual behaviour in female rodents is called L____. The female i____ c____. When r____, it will approach the male. Sexual behaviour depends on e____ and p____. O____ rats display no sexual behaviour

Answer 14

Lordosis
initiates copulation, receptive
estradiol, progesterone, ovariectomised

Question 15

Tools for measuring neural control of sexual behaviours:
1. R____-t____ to define the c____ that controls sexual organs. Injection of p____ virus in sexual organs
2. Activation of F____, a marker of neuronal activity, in key brain r____
3. Identify of n____ containing sex hormone r____: e____ and p____ or t____

Answer 15

1. Retro-tracing to define the circuit that control sexual organs (e.g., Marson & Murphy, 2006). Injection of pseudorabies virus (retrograde tracing) in sexual organs (penis, vagina, clitoris).
2. Activation of Fos, a marker of neuronal activity, in key brain regions.
3. Identify of neurons containing sex hormone receptors: estrogen and progesterone or testosterone.

Question 16

Neural control of sexual behaviour in males:
1. S____ mechanisms - men with c____ s____ c____ t____ above the 10th t____ segment can e____
2. A group of neurons in the l____ r____ “l____ s____” cells control e____
3. Destruction of LSt cells in rats a____ e____, without affecting m____ or i____
4. Brain mechanisms can e____ or i____ spinal circuits

Answer 16

1. Spinal, complete spinal cord transection, thoracic, ejaculate
2. A group of neurons in the lumbar region (spinal ejaculation generator) lumbar spinothalamic (LSt) cells control ejaculation.
3. Destruction of LSt cells in rats abolishes ejaculation, without affecting mounts or intromissions.
4. excite, inhibit
   (Discovered lesions below the thoracic section 11 all the way through the lumbar regions stopped ejaculation, Group of neurons in lumbar region of spinal cord that controls ejaculation and so lesions to this area produced by researchers in rats stop animals from ejaculating, but do not affect mounting and intromission)

Question 17

In males The nucleus paragigantocellularis normally inhibits m____ behaviour

Answer 17

mating

Question 18

In males Destruction of medial amygdala disrupts s____ behaviour

Answer 18

sexual

Question 19

In males Destruction of the Medial Preoptic area (MPA) a____ s____ behaviour

Answer 19

abolishes sexual behaviour

Question 20

In males The Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) is __-__ time larger in male rats than females. Also larger in h____ males than females. Is involved in g____ i____. Lesions to SDN decrease m____ s____ behaviour

Answer 20

3-7
human
gender identity
masculine sexual

Question 21

Fos is a n____ a____ m____

Answer 21

neuronal activation marker

Question 22

In females, neurons in the medial amygdala and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus contain e____ and p____ r____

Answer 22

estrogen and progesterone receptors

Question 23

Parental behaviour:
1. Most m____ species show parental behaviour
2. H____ and n____ control, mostly based on data from rodents
3. Most research on m____ behaviour

Answer 23

1. mammalian
2. Hormonal, neuronal
3. maternal

Question 24

Mice/rats at birth:
1. Are b____
2. Do not r____ their own t____
3. Cannot release u____ and f____
N____ b____ is one of the first maternal behaviours during gestation

Answer 24

1. blind
2. regulate, temperature
3. urine, faeces
   Nest building

Question 25

Maternal behaviour in rats/mice: 1. B____ assistance by p____ the pups gently 2. N____ 3. Periodic l____ pups' anogenital region to stimulate u____ and d____ 4. Pups r____ if they leave or are removed from the n____ 5. Maternal behaviour is influenced by p____ h____, but passage of pups through the b____ c____ also helps

Answer 25

1. birth, pulling 2. nursing 3. licks, urination, defecation 4. retrieval, nest 5. prenatal hormones, birth canal

Question 26

Hormones can i____ maternal behaviour, but do not c____ it

Answer 26

influence, control

Question 27

M____ p____ area is crucial for maternal behaviour

Answer 27

Medial preoptic area (MPA; involved in male sexual behaviour) is crucial for maternal behaviour.

Question 28

The VTA-NAC pathway, involved in the r____ system, is also necessary for maternal behaviour. It is activated when mothers e____ pups

Answer 28

The VTA-NAC pathway, involved in the reward system, is also necessary for maternal behaviour. It is activated when mothers encounter pups. (VTA = ventral tegmental area, NAC = nucleus accumbens)

Question 29

Encountering pups is more r____ than c____ in l____ females

Answer 29

Encountering pups is more rewarding than cocaine in lactating females (Ferris et al., 2005).

Question 30

Human mothers show activation of the r____ system when presented with p____ of their babies

Answer 30

Human mothers show activation of the reward system when presented with pictures of their babies (Bartels & Zeki, 2004)

Question 31

Monogamous prairie voles s____ offspring care, whereas polygamous male meadow voles l____ the female after mating

Answer 31

share, leave

Question 32

Size of M____ is less sexually dimorphic in prairie voles than in meadow voles

Answer 32

MPA (Medial preoptic area)

Question 33

MPA l____ disrupt p____ behaviour in rats and prairie voles. MPA is also involved in p____ behaviour

Answer 33

lesions, paternal, paternal

Question 34

Affiliative behaviours are p____ s____ behaviours within the same or different s____

Answer 34

positive social, species

Question 35

Affiliative behaviours can involve individuals of the same or different s____

Answer 35

sex

Question 36

The neuropeptides o____ and v____ are key for complex social behaviours

Answer 36

Oxytocin (OXT), vasopressin (VP)

Question 37

The n____ oxytocin and vasopressin are produced in the h____. They can be released from the p____ p____ gland as h____. Or from a____ projecting to specific brain regions as a n____ or n____

Answer 37

neuropeptides, hypothalamus posterior pituitary, hormones axons, neuromodulator, neurotransmitter

Question 38

Only __-__% of mammals are monogamous

Answer 38

3-5%

Question 39

Biparental species is where males and females r____ the young

Answer 39

raise

Question 40

Exposure to a p____ while injected with VP or OXT increased the p____ for that partner in voles

Answer 40

partner, preference (1. Male and female paired for 1h. One of them receives intraventricular administration of OXT or VP. 2. Then animals are submitted to a partner preference test (180 min) where they can choose to spend time alone, with a stranger, or with the partner they were exposed during drug administration.)

Question 41

Pair bonding is associated with the d____ of VP r____ in the r____ areas of the brain

Answer 41

density, receptors, rewards

Question 42

After m____ and c____ with a female, a male prairie vole tended to spend significantly more time in c____ with the p____, than the s____

Answer 42

mating, cohabitating, contact, partner, stranger

Question 43

Oxytocin receptors are highly e____ in PFC and n____ a____ in prairie voles

Answer 43

expressed, nucleus accumbens

Question 44

Partner preference in prairie voles is d____ after b____ OXT or VP r____

Answer 44

disrupted, blocking, receptors

Question 45

O____ of vasopressin receptor in the v____ p____ enhanced mate preference in m____ v____

Answer 45

Overexpression of vasopressin receptor in the ventral pallidum (V1aR-vp) enhanced mate preference in meadow voles.

Question 46

O____ and v____ seem to influence p____ b____ in humans too, but manipulating these carry e____ concerns, so we do not know for sure

Answer 46

oxytocin, vasopressin, pair bonding, ethical

Question 47

Oxytocin intra-nasal caused r____ and a____ r____ in humans

Answer 47

relaxation, anxiety reduction

Question 48

M____ and r____ love activated regions of brain rich in vasopressin and oxytocin r____

Answer 48

maternal, romantic, receptors

Question 49

Prosocial behaviour is associated with a wide range of p____ s____ behaviour, all of which are key for f____ and m____ adaptive human social relationships

Answer 49

associated with a wide range of positive social behaviors, including trust, cooperation, care, empathy, and altruism—all of which are key for forming and maintaining adaptive human social relationships.

Question 50

Administration of oxytocin has subtle effects in social behaviour in humans related to: 1. T____ 2. E____ 3. S____ a____ 4. A____

Answer 50

Trust Empathy Social approach Altruism

Question 51

Oxytocin has effects on brain regions related to r____ and f____ related processing

Answer 51

reward, fear

Question 52

Oxytocin effects on behaviour are highly influenced by i____ and c____ conditions

Answer 52

individual, contextual