7. Learning and Memory Flashcards
Declarative memory:
1. Also known as e____ memory
2. Includes e____ memory and s____ memory
3. Involves h____ and e____ c____
- explicit
- episodic, semantic
- hippocampus, enthorhinal cortex
Explicit memory is info you c____ w____ to remember.
Implicit memory is info remembered u____ and e____.
consciously work
unconsciously, effortlessly
Nondeclarative memory:
1. Also known as i____ memory
2. Involves s____ and h____, p____ and simple c____
3. Can be triggered i____
4. Can affect behaviour without c____ a____
5. Involves the c____ and a____
- implicit
- skills, habit, priming, conditioning
- implicitly
- conscious awareness
- cerebellum, amygdala
Learning is the response of the brain to e____ e____ and involves a____ changes in s____ c____ which will in turn a____ b____
environmental events, adaptive, synaptic connectivity, alter behaviour
Strengthening and weakening synaptic connections in the brain provides a means by which l____ o____ and m____ can be f____
learning occurs, memories, formed
If an association is made repeatedly, the synapses of A and B onto the h____ neuron will be s____, so that the individual i____ are sufficiently strong to fire the h____ neuron, and just one of the inputs is sufficient to recall a c____ m____
hippocampal, strengthened, inputs, hippocampal, complete memory
Hippocampus:
1. S____ memory (such as knowing where objects are and your body’s position relative to them)
2. C____ short-term memories into long-term memories
3. V____ memory (remembering what w____ to say)
4. E____
5. Located in the t____ lobe, deep within the brain and is part of the l____ system
- Spatial
- Convert
- Verbal, words
- Emotions
- temporal, limbic
The hippocampus is the most researched part of the brain with respect to learning and memory. It’s s____ and a____ means pathways can be easily d____ and recorded e____
shape, anatomy, distinguished, electrophysiologically
Long term potentiation (LTP) is a p____ s____ of synapses based on recent a____ p____, leading to long-lasting increase in s____ t____ between neurons. LTP is thought to be a key m____ underlying learning and memory.
persistent strengthening, activity patterns, signal transmission, mechanism
Recording from within the d____ g____ of high frequency electrical stimulation of axons in the p____ pathway showed p____ pathway stimulation results in increase in e____ p____ s____ p____ a____ (size)
dentate gyrus, perforant, perforant, excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) amplitude
Long term potentiation properties:
1. T____ - s____ of inputs reaches a stimulus t____ that leads to the i____ of LTP
2. I____ s____ - LTP at one s____ is not p____ to a____ s____
3. A____ - s____ stimulation of a s____ and w____ pathway will induce LTP at b____ pathways (s____ s____)
- Temporal - summation, threshold, induction
- Input specific - synapse, propagated, adjacent synapses
- Associative, simultaneous, strong, weak, both, spatial summation
After 10 trials of the Morris Water Maze task, rats with a h____ lesion weren’t able to l____ how to get from point A to point B (they couldn’t remember where the p____ was)
hippocampal, learn, platform
The probe trials in the Morris Water Maze are when there is n____ p____. Control mice spend most their time in the q____ the platform was in. But rats with hippocampal lesions spend e____ amounts of time in all q____
no platform
quadrant
equal, quadrant
Rats were unable to find the platform when an N____ a____ was introduced into the h____
NMDA antagonist (AP5), hippocampus
What happens at the synapse…
1. Glutamate release onto an inactive cell (membrane at resting potential)
- AMPA receptor a____ to create E____
- NMDA receptor b____ by M____ ion
- D____ from AMPA activation not sufficient to expel M____
- Glutamate release onto an active cell (membrane depolarisation after high frequency stimulation)
- AMPA receptor a____
- M____ block on NMDA receptor r____
- N____ through AMPA and NMDA channels
- C____ i____ through NMDA channel
- activated, EPSP
- blocked, Mg2+
- Depolarisation, Mg2+
- activated
- Mg2+, relieved
- Na+
- Ca2+ influx
What’s happening at the synapse? (pt2)
Ca2+ entry through the NMDA receptor leads to activation of c____ c____-d____ p____ k____ II (CaMKII). The effects of this are:
1. P____ existing AMPA receptors increasing their e____
2. Stimulates the i____ of new AMPA receptors into the m____
Calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
1. Phosphorylates, effectiveness
2. insertion, membrane
(Before:
Few AMPA receptors
Small EPSPs
After:
More AMPA receptors working more effectively
Larger EPSPs
LTP)
CaMKII - molecular switch - sustained activity after repolarisation:
1. Ca2+ entry through the NMDA receptor leads to activation of C____ c____-d____ p____ k____ II (CaMKII)
2. CaMKII has a____ activity - becomes p____
3. When p____ is c____ active, no longer requires C____
4. Maintains p____, insertion of AMPA receptors after the depolarising stimulus has r____
5. M____ s____ which maintains increased e____ of neurons for m____ to h____
- Calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
- autocatalytic, phosphorylated (phosphorylates itself)
- phosphorylated, constitutively, Ca2+
- phosphorylation, receded
- Molecular switch, excitability, minutes, hours
Presynaptic events in LTP:
- Long term potentiation can also involve presynaptic events
- Postsynaptic neuron can f____ b____ to presynaptic neuron by r____ n____ - N____ O____ (NO)
1. Ca2+ through NMDA channel activates N____ O____ synthase
2. NO diffuses from site of p____ and activates g____ c____ in the presynaptic t____
3. G____ c____ produces the second messenger c____
4. Signal t____ cascade leads to increased g____ release from the synaptic b____
- This maintains LTP for m____ to h____
- feed back, retrograde neurotransmitter - Nitric Oxide
1. Nitric Oxide
2. production, guanylyl cyclase, terminal
3. Guanylyl cyclase, cGMP
4. transduction, glutamate, bouton - minutes to hours
Late phase LTP:
1. P____ s____ is required for long-lasting LTP (d____, m____)
2. P____ s____ i____ prevent the c____ of long-term memories and LTP
3. P____ s____ i____ injected just post-a____ (training) inhibits r____ … shows necessary for c____
4. Activation of C____ - a t____ factor activated by p____ and phosphorylated by k____
- Protein synthesis, days, months
- Protein synthesis inhibitors, consolidation
- Protein synthesis inhibitors, acquisition, recall, consolidation
(Stages of memory formation:
Acquisition (training)
Consolidation
Recall (testing)) - CREB-1, transcription, phosphorylation, kinases
Early phase LTP lasts a m____ to an h____ - explained by the actions of CA2+ through the N____ receptor and subsequent e____ of A____ receptor e____ and presynaptic events etc
minute, hour, NMDA, enhancement, AMPA, efficiency
Late phase LTP lasts h____, d____ or m____ - requires new p____ s____ and can involve m____ changes and the establishment of new s____
hours, days, months, protein synthesis, morphological changes, synapses
Long term potentiation is created in h____ slice preparations by h____ f____ s____. Low frequency stimulation causes the opposite and rather than getting an increase in E____ a____ on further stimulation you get a d____. This is called long term d____ (LTD). It involves:
1. NMDA d____ process
2. AMPA receptors are d____ and r____ from the m____
3. Low level rises in Ca2+ activate p____ rather than k____
hippocampus, high frequency stimulation
EPSP amplitude, decrease
depression
1. dependent
2. dephosphorylated, removed, membrane
3. phosphatase, kinase
Hippocampal theta rhythms, a n____ o____ with a frequency of 4-12Hz is the psychological equivalent of t____ stimulation (artificially high stimulation)
neural oscillation, tetanic
The hippocampal theta rhythm is one of the most r____ E____ o____ that can be recorded in the mammalian brain. It is a key brain signal implicated in:
1. m____
2. s____ n____
3. c____ brain-wide n____ networks, particularly during a____ e____ and R____ sleep
It accompanies behaviours such as r____, s____, head movements and s____ o____ responses in rats
It seems to play a role in s____ a____ in different brain regions
regular EEG oscillations
1. memory
2. spatial navigation
3. coordinating, neuronal, active exploration, REM
running, swimming, spatially orientated
synchronising activity
